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Old Dock
Old Dock
	Old Dock wall in 2012
Location
Location	Liverpool, United Kingdom
Coordinates	53°24′09″N 2°59′19″W / 53.4025°N 2.9886°W
OS grid	SJ342900
Details
Owner	Grosvenor Group (site)
Opened	31 August 1715
Closed	31 August 1826
Type	Wet dock
Area	3+1⁄2 acres (1.4 ha)

The Old Dock, originally known as Thomas Steers' dock, was the world's first commercial wet dock.^[2] The 3+1⁄2 acres (1.4 ha) dock was built on the River Mersey in Liverpool, England, starting in 1710 and completed in 1716.^[3]^[4] A natural tidal pool off the River Mersey, which probably gave its name to Liverpool centuries earlier, was partially filled and locked in from the river with quay walls erected.

History

The Old Dock was built at a cost of £12,000 and opened on 31 August 1715.^[5]^[6] Thomas Steers was the engineer responsible;^[3] and additional advice was obtained from George Sorocold.^[4] Originally a tidal basin was accessed directly from the river,^[2] and from 1737 access was via Canning Dock. The dock was built with one graving dock; a second and third graving dock were added in 1746 and the 1750s. The dock walls were constructed from brick laid directly on to sandstone bedrock. The dock gates would have allowed as much as 10% of the water out between high tides, resulting in a water level drop of several feet. This may have been offset by water entering the dock from a stream.^[7] It accommodated up to 100 ships.

Although Liverpool vessels were involved in the slave trade before the dock opened, the Liverpool Merchant sailing for Africa on the 16 Oct 1699,^[8] and selling 220 slaves in Barbados in 1700,^[9] a second 30 tonne vessel being recorded as sailing for Africa in 1709,^[10] it would have served ships involved in the Africa-America trade, propelling Liverpool to world leader of this trade.^{[citation needed]}

The dock led to Liverpool's establishment as the leading European port and subsequent world trading port.

Redevelopment

In the early 19th century, the dock was considered too small for the growing size of shipping using the port; the quays were too narrow; the city's sewage polluted the dock's water; and the narrow wooden drawbridge across its entrance channel caused traffic jams.^[2] Sentiment saved the Old Dock for 20 years, but the Old Dock closed on 31 August 1826^[6] and was filled in. Liverpool’s fourth Custom House, designed by John Foster, was built on the site between 1828 and 1837, and was demolished after severe bomb damage during the Battle of Britain (World War II).^[11]

In 1999 an office block on the site, Steers House, was demolished, and the resulting waste ground was used as an NCP car park until 2004, when the site was incorporated into the Liverpool One shopping development. A water feature has been built on the site of Old Dock to commemorate its history. A portion of the dock wall is exposed in the basement of the new development, and can be viewed from the pavement above through a viewing window in the ground. The excavated site was opened to the public in May 2010.^[12] Tours of the Old Dock are currently operated by National Museums Liverpool on a weekly basis.^[1]

Media

The excavation of the dock featured in a Time Team Special episode, first broadcast on Channel 4 on Monday 21 April 2008.^[7]

Old Dock Sill

The level of the sill of its entrance is used in and around Liverpool as a height datum called Old Dock Sill or ODS.^[13]^[14]

References

^ ^a ^b "Info". National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Trading Places: Old Dock History". Liverpool Museums. Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Liverpool's Old Dock and the maritime trade of the North-West". Oxford Archaeology. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
^ ^a ^b Pollard, Pevsner & Sharples 2006, p. 260
^ Picton 1875, p. 555
^ ^a ^b "'Liverpool: The docks', A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4 (1911), pp. 41–43". British History Online. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Time Team". Channel 4 Television. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
^ "Archive sheet 3 - Liverpool and the transatlantic slave trade". National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
^ "Archive sheet 3 - Liverpool and the transatlantic slave trade". National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
^ Williams, Gomer (1897). History of the Liverpool Privateers and Letters of Marque: With an Account of the Liverpool Slave Trade. W. Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7222-9779-7.
^ "Customs House". Liverpool John Moores University. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2008.
^ "Liverpool One Old Dock opens to public". BBC News. 26 March 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
^ "Liverpool: Home of UK Sea Level Science (A century later – measurements resume)" (PDF). University of Liverpool. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
^ Woodworth, Philip L. (1999). "A Study of Changes in High Water Levels and Tides at Liverpool during the Last Two Hundred and Thirty Years" (PDF). Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory. pp. 3, 77. Report Number 56.

Sources

Picton, J. A. (1875). Memorials of Liverpool. Vol. 1. Historical. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 10476612.
Pollard, Richard; Pevsner, Nikolaus; Sharples, Joseph (2006). Lancashire: Liverpool and the Southwest. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300109108.