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Kurt Heikki Olavi Erämetsä
Kurt Heikki Olavi Erämetsä
Born	Kurt Heikki Olavi Enwald; 10 October 1906; Lahti, Finland
Died	3 January 1974 (aged 67); Helsinki, Finland
Alma mater	Helsinki University of Technology
Known for	Promethium
Spouse	Elvi Kaarina Pakarinen (1904-1978)
	Scientific career
Fields	Geochemistry, Environmental chemistry
Institutions	Helsinki University of Technology

Olavi Erämetsä (born Enwald; 10 October 1906 Lahti, Finland - 3 January 1974 Helsinki, Finland) was a Finnish chemist at the Helsinki University of Technology (TKK, now part of Aalto University). He served as a lecturer in analytical chemistry (1940-1946) before succeeding Yrjö Kauko as professor of inorganic chemistry (1947-1973).^[1]

Erämetsä was a major initiator of geochemical research in rare earths and trace elements at TKK from 1947 to 1973.^[2]^[3] In 1965, he reported the isolation of the element promethium from natural sources.^[4]^[5]^[3]

Erämetsä studied the presence of trace elements including rare earths in soils and plants such as lichens and mosses. He also studied their presence in the human body, gathering epidemiological evidence about environmental factors and their possible effects on human health.

Erämetsä was the Chairman of the Finnish Chemistry Society in 1945–1946, a Founding Member of the Finnish Academy of Engineering in 1957 and a Member of the Finnish Academy of Sciences as of 1961.^[3]

Early life

Kurt Heikki Olavi Erämetsä was borh to Kurt H. Enwald and Ingrid Viola Ryberg on October 10, 1906.^[6] The Enwald family changed its name to Erämetsä in 1936.^[7] Kurt H. Enwald and Ingrid Viola Ryberg were teachers of science at the Kuopio Lyseo.

Education

Erämetsä attended Kuopio Lyseo as an undergraduate in 1925. He continued to study chemistry at the Helsinki University of Technology, where he graduated with a M.Sc. in engineering in 1934^[8] and a Ph.D. in technology in 1938. His Ph.D. work dealt with detection of the presence of indium in Finnish minerals.^[3]

Career

Erämetsä was an assistant geologist for the Geological Commission and made five exploration trips to Lapland.^[3] He carried out a number of diamond surveys in the Paatsjoki area of Petsamo in the 1930s, trying to verify reports of diamonds in the sands in that area. He concluded that what had been discovered was likely to have been spinel octahedra.^[9]

In 1939 Erämetsä and Thure Georg Sahama developed a new method for the separation of rare earths using chromatography. Their chromatographic separation method became a standard for the separation of rare earth and radioactive actinides into ion exchange resins.^[3]^[10]^[11]

Erämetsä worked as a lecturer in analytical chemistry at the Helsinki University of Technology (TKK) from 1940 to 1946 and then as a professor of inorganic chemistry from 1947 to 1973. During his time there, the department received new hardware including a spectrograph, Finland's first equipment for spark source mass spectrometry, and X-ray fluorescence equipment.^[3]

Large-scale industrial production of rare earths occurred in the 1960s at the Typpi Oy mills in Oulu, where lanthanide ores of the Kola Peninsula were being refined.^[12] Erämetsä's most well-known, though controversial achievement, was the isolation of the element promethium from these natural sources. In 1965, he published a report stating that in 1964 he had successfully isolated isotopes of promethium from natural ores.^[4]^[5] Erämetsä separated out traces of ¹⁴⁷Pm from a rare earth concentrate purified from apatite,^[13] resulting in an upper limit of 10⁻²¹ for the abundance of promethium in nature; this may have been produced by the natural nuclear fission of uranium, or by cosmic ray spallation of ¹⁴⁶Nd.^[14] The international scientific community was initially suspicious of the findings, as promethium had previously only been produced as a degradation product from the fission of uranium ore.^[3] Due to promethium's short half-life, its concentration in natural minerals was thought to be too small to be isolated. Subsequent findings were in line with those of Erämetsä.^[13]^[15]

Erämetsä and Allan Johansson used praseodymium to experiment with the development of a solid electrolyte fuel cell.^[12]

Erämetsä studied the presence of trace elements including rare earths in soils and plants such as lichens and mosses.^[8]^[16] He also studied of the presence of rare earths in the human body, over a period of many years. Results were negative from 1945 to 1969, when x-ray emission spectroscopy was introduced. With the new instruments, the researchers detected yttrium^[17] and other lanthanides.^[18] In one study, autopsies were performed on the bodies of people who had died in Helsinki hospitals. Yttrium was found in varying amounts and locations in the bodies of almost half of those examined (37/80).^[19]^[18] Erämetsä was concerned with epidemiologic evidence of environmental factors affecting human health, cf. the presence of metals in drinking water and their possible relationships to coronary heart disease.^[20]

References

^ "Archive materials". Aalto University. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
^ "Helsinki University of Technology - Rare earth synthesis and analysis" (PDF). Rare Earth Information Center News. Vol. X, no. 4. Ames, Iowa. Iowa State University. December 1, 1975. pp. 1, 3. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Niinistö, L. (2000). "Erämetsä, Olavi (1906-1974)". Suomen kemian historia (History of Finnish Chemistry. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
^ ^a ^b Jorpes, Erik J. (1970). Jac. Berzelius: his life and work. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 78. ISBN 9780520016286. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
^ ^a ^b Erämetsä, Olavi (1965). Separation of promethium from a natural lanthanide mixture. Helsinki: The Finnish Academy of Technical Sciences.
^ "SUKUSELVITYKSEN KOHDE". Web Archive. Archived from the original on 2 April 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ "Kurt Heikki Olavi (Enwald-1936) Erämetsä". Geneanet. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ ^a ^b Erametsa, O.; Yliruokanen, I. (1971). "The Rare Earths in Lichens and Mosses". Finnish Chemical Journal (Suom. Kemistil.). 44B: 67, 121–128.
^ Karanko, Anu, ed. (2017). Suomen Korukivet Gemstones of Finland (PDF). Espoo: Geological Survey of Finland. pp. 176, 227. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
^ Olavi Erämetsä, Th. G. Sahama, Viljo Kanula (1940): Chromato-graphische Trennung der seltenen Erden I. Ann. Acad. Sei. Fenn., Ser. A, 57, No. 3, 1—20.
^ Olavi Erämetsä, Th. G. Sahama, Viljo Kanula (1941) Spektro-graphische Bestimmungen an Rubidium und Caesium in einigen finnischen Mineralen und Gesteinen. Bull. Comm. géol. Finlande 128, 80—86.
^ ^a ^b Parker, John G. (1969). "Rare-earth minerals and metals" (PDF). Bureau of Mines / Minerals Yearbook Metals, Minerals, and Fuels 1969. 1–2: 951–958. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
^ ^a ^b Meier, H.; Zimmerhackl, E.; Albrecht, W.; Bösche, D.; Hecker, W.; Menge, P.; Unger, E.; Zeitler, G. (1 January 1970). "Zum Vorkommen von Promethium in der Natur". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A. 25 (12): 1945–1954. Bibcode:1970ZNatA..25.1945M. doi:10.1515/zna-1970-1225. S2CID 3460087. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
^ McGill, Ian (2000). "Rare Earth Elements". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Vol. 31. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 188. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_607. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^ Gschneidner, Karl A. (2005). Handbook on the physics and chemistry of rare earths. Volume 35. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier North Holland. ISBN 0-444-52028-7. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
^ Kabata-Pendias, Alina (Oct 18, 2010). Trace elements in soils and plants (Fourth ed.). CRC Press. p. 365. ISBN 9781420093704.
^ "Rare Earths Common in Body" (PDF). Rare-Earth Information Center News. Vol. IV, no. 1. Ames, Iowa. Iowa State University. March 1, 1969. p. 2. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
^ ^a ^b Erämetsä, O; Sihvonen, ML (1971). "Rare earths in the human body. II. Yttrium and lanthanides in the spleen". Annales medicinae experimentalis et biologiae Fenniae. 49 (1): 35–7. PMID 5576240.
^ Erämetsä, O; Sihvonen, ML; Forssén, A (1968). "Rare earths in the human body. I. Yttrium". Annales medicinae experimentalis et biologiae Fenniae. 46 (2): 179–84. PMID 5753710.
^ Punsar, Sven; Erämetsä, Olavi; Karvonen, Martti J.; Ryhänen, Aulis; Hilska, Päivi; Vornamo, Hannu (June 1975). "Coronary heart disease and drinking water". Journal of Chronic Diseases. 28 (5–6): 259–287. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(75)90009-0. PMID 1141423.