Ogier the Dane (French: Ogier le Danois, Ogier de Danemarche; Danish: Holger Danske) is a legendarypaladin of Charlemagne who appears in many Old Frenchchansons de geste. In particular, he features as the protagonist in La Chevalerie Ogier (c. 1220), which belongs to the Geste de Doon de Mayence ("cycle of the rebellious vassals"; Doon is Ogier's grandfather).[1][2] The first part of this epic, the enfance[s] (childhood exploits) of Ogier, is marked by his duel against a Saracen from whom he obtains the sword Cortain, followed by victory over another Saracen opponent from whom he wins the horse Broiefort. In subsequent parts, Ogier turns into a rebel with cause, seeking refuge with the King of Lombardy and warring with Charlemagne for many years, until he is eventually reconciled when a dire need for him emerges after another Saracen incursion.
His character is a composite based on an historical Autcharius Francus who was aligned with king Desiderius of Lombardy against Charlemagne. The legend of a certain Othgerius buried in Meaux is also incorporated into the Chevalerie.
In Scandinavia, he was first known as Oddgeir danski in the Old Norse prose translation Karlamagnús saga, but later became more widely known as Holger Danske, and was given the pedigree of being Olaf son of King Gøtrik in a 16th-century Danish translation. Since then, Holger Danske has become a Danish folklore hero, with a sleeping hero motif attached to him, and eventually a symbol of Danish identity and patriotism as well as anti-German nationalism.
Historical references
The Ogier character is generally believed to be based on Autcharius/Otker,[a] a Frankish knight who had served Carloman and escorted his widow and young children to Desiderius, King of Lombardy, but eventually surrendered to Charlemagne.[3][b] The Ogier character could also have been partly constructed from the historical Adalgis (or Adelgis, Algisus), son of Desiderius, who played a similar role.[c][8][7][9] The chanson de geste does parallel this, and Ogier does seek refuge with the Lombardian king Didier or Désier (as Desiderius is styled in French).[10]
An unrelated Othgerius (Otgerius), a benefactor buried at the Abbey of Saint Faro in Meaux in France,[d] became connected with Ogier by a work called Conversio Othgeri militis (ca. 1070–1080) written by the monks there.[3][11] This tradition is reflected in the chanson of Ogier, which states that the hero was buried at Meaux.[12]
There is no Ogier of consequence in Danish history; at least, no Ogier as such appears in Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum.[13] However, the Danish work Holger Danskes Krønike (1534) made Ogier into the son of King Gøtrek of Denmark[e][14][13] (namely Olaf son of Gøtrek,[15] mentioned by Saxo). "Olgerus, dux Daniæ" ("Olger, War-Leader of the Danes") had rebuilt the St. Martin's monastery pillaged by the Saxons in 778, according to the chronicle of this monastery at Cologne (ca. 1050). However, this is not a contemporary record and may just be poetic fiction.[4][13]
The legend in France
Ogier the Dane's first appearance (spelled Oger) in any work is in Chanson de Roland (c. 1060),[16] where he is not named as one of the douzepers (twelve peers or paladins) of Charlemagne, although he is usually one of the twelve peers in other works.[17] In the poeticized Battle of Roncevaux Pass, Ogier is assigned to be the vanguard and commands the Bavarian Army in the battle against Baligant in the later half.[18][19] He plays only a minor part in this poem, and it is unclear what becomes of him, but the Pseudo-Turpin knows of a tradition that Ogier was killed at Roncevaux.[20]
A full career of Ogier from youth to death is treated in La Chevalerie Ogier de Danemarche, a 13th-century assonanced poem of approximately 13,000 lines,[f] attributed to Raimbert de Paris, preserved in six manuscripts.[23] It relates Ogier's early years, his rebellion against Charlemagne and eventual reconciliation.[1] This is now considered a retelling.[g] Ogier in a lost original "Chevalerie Ogier primitive"[h] is thought to have fought alongside the Lombards because Charlemagne attacked at the Pope's bidding, as historically happened in the Siege of Pavia (773–74),[24] that is, there was no fighting with the Saracens (i.e. Muslims) as a prelude to this.
The legend that Ogier fought valiantly with some Saracens in his youth is the chief material of the first branch (about 3,000 lines[i]) of Raimbert's Chevalerie Ogier.[27] This is also recounted in Enfances Ogier (c. 1270), a rhymed poem of 9,229 lines by Adenet le Roi. The story of Ogier's youth develops with close similarity in these two works starting at the beginning, but they diverge at a certain point when Raimbert's version begins to be more economical with the details.[28]
In the 14th-century and subsequent versions of the romance, Ogier travels to the Avalon ruled by King Arthur and eventually becomes paramour of Morgan le Fay (the earliest known mention of her as his lover is in Brun de la Montaigne[29]). This is how the story culminates in Roman d'Ogier, a reworking in Alexandrins written in the 14th century, as well as its prose redaction retitled Ogier le Danois (Ogyer le Danois) printed in a number of editions from the late 15th century onwards.[30] The Alexandrines version may contain some vestiges of the lost 12th-century Chevalerie Ogier.[1] It is also possible[31] that Ogier the Dane has first appeared in the Arthurian context as the Saxon prince Oriolz[j] the Dane (de Danemarche), sometimes known as the Red Knight, in the 13th-century Vulgate Merlin and its English adaptation Arthour and Merlin.
There are also several texts that might be classed as "histories" which refer to Ogier. Girart d'Amiens' Charlemagne contains a variant of Ogier's enfances.[32][33]Philippe Mouskes's Chronique rimée (c. 1243) writes on Ogier's death.[34]Jean d'Outremeuse's Ly Myreur des Histors writes of Ogier's combat with the capalus (chapalu), which is a giant cat monster known from the Arthurian cycle.[35]
Othgerius/Ogier is one of two reclining tomb effigies on the sarcophagus at center.
―Acta Sanctorum Ordinis S. Benedicti (1677 edition)
Ogier head
A legend of Conversio Othgeri militis was invented by the monks at the abbey of Saint Faro at Meaux around 1070–1080. It claimed Othgerius Francus ("Frankish") to be the most illustrious member of Charlemagne's court after the king himself,[36] thus making him identifiable with Ogier the Dane.[k] He was buried in the abbey in a mausoleum built for him. His remains were placed in a sarcophagus lidded with his recumbent tomb effigy lying next to that of Saint Benedictus, and the chamber was enshrined with erect statues of various figures from the Charlemagne Cycle.[3][11][19] A stone head later found in Meaux was determined to be Ogier's head from comparisons with these incunabula etchings.[38] This stone head can still be viewed today.
This document was first commented on by Jean Mabillon in his Acta Sanctorum Ordinis S. Benedicti,[36] printed editions of which include a detailed illustration of the mausoleum at St. Faro. The statues at the mausoleum even included la belle Aude, affianced to Roland,[11] with one of the inscriptions there (according to Mabillon) claiming that Aude was Ogier's sister.[39][40][l] It underwent restoration in 1535 by the Italian Gabriele Simeoni.[m][41][42] That mausoleum is no longer preserved, but an illustration of the interior was printed in editions of Mabillon's Acta Sanctorum Ordinis S. Benedicti.[43][44]
Chevalerie Ogier
Ogier is the main character in the poem La Chevalerie Ogier de Danemarche (written c. 1200–1215). The work consists of twelve parts (or "branches") of varying lengths.[n]
In the first branch of the poem (sometimes referred to as the Les enfances Ogier portion[47]), Ogier is introduced as the son of Geoffroy de Danemarche (while Geoffroy, in turn, is son of Doon de Mayence according to other works[2][48][50]). Ogier is surrendered as a hostage to Charlemagne, but at the castle where he is kept, he becomes intimate with the castellan's daughter, who bears him a son, named Baldwinet (Old French: Bauduinet, dim. of Baudouin).[51][46][52]
When Charles (Charlemagne), at the Pope's request, launches a war campaign against Saracens invading Rome, Ogier is there initially as an unarmed bystander. But when the French suffer a setback, Ogier joins the fray, seizing a flag and arms from a fleeing standard-bearer. For his deeds, Ogier is knighted by Charlemagne and is girt with the king's own sword.[53] Next, Ogier accepts the challenge of single combat from the Saracen warrior Karaheut of India,[o] but enemies interrupt and abduct Ogier. Karaheut protests for Ogier's release, to no avail, and loses his engagement to the amiral's daughter.[54] The amiral then decides his daughter should marry the brutish warrior Brunamont of Maiolgre (Mallorca), but she is unwilling, and appoints the captured Ogier as her champion to fight on her behalf. Ogier, armed with Karaheut's sword Cortain (or Corte, Cortana, etc.), vanquishes Brunamont and confiscates the horse Broiefort.[55][56][57][p]
Prince Charlot kills Ogier's son over chess. Based on the painting in MS. A, BnF fr. 24403[q]
In the second branch,[r] Ogier's son Bauduinet (Baldwinet) is slain by Charlot over a game of chess. Ogier attacks Charlot and demands his life in revenge, resulting in his banishment. Ogier is given safe haven by King Didier of Pavia[s] in Lombardy. Ogier strengthens the fortifications at Castelfort (Chastel Fort) and Mont Quevrel in Lombardy.[60] In the subsequent branches,[t][56][61] Ogier wars with Charlemagne (alone, after losing his squire Benoit/Bennet), enduring for seven years, then is taken prisoner for another seven years.[62][63] In the ninth branch,[u] renewed attack by the Saracens forces Charlemagne to seek Ogier's help, and Ogier, reunited with his old war horse, slays the giant, King Brehus (or Brahier, Braihier, Bruhier) of Africa.[64][56][65]
In the concluding branches (XI and XII), Ogier engages in a warring adventure in England, and marries the English princess whom he succors. He is granted Hainaut Province and Province of Brabant (now in Belgium) by Charlemagne. Ogier and his squire Benoit/Bennet are interred at Meaux.[66][67][68]
Roman d'Ogier
Modified verse versions were produced in the 14th century. The decasyllabicRoman d'Ogier appeared (31000vv., early 14th cent.[69] or c. 1310[70]) which contained an ending plot where Ogier is invited to Avalon by Morgue la Fee (Morgan le Fay).[70][71] Later an Alexandrine (dodecasyllabic) Roman d'Ogier (29000vv., mid-14th cent.[69] or c. 1335 [72])[v][74] of 29,000 verses,[75][w] appeared, datable to c. 1335, extant in three manuscript redactions,[x][72] and this too expanded upon the Chevalerie of Raimbert, by adding an Avalon adventure (about 18,000 verses).[74][76]
How the Fairies Came to See Ogier the Dane by Henry Justice Ford (1921) "And then the sixth fairy, the youngest and the most beautiful of all, who was none other than Morgan le Fay, the Queen of Avalon, caught up the child, and danced about the room in rapturous joy."
The Alexandrine version represented fan intermediate stage between the decasyllabic romance and the later prose rendering.[77] In the Alexandrine version, Ogier's fate with Morgan is set in motion while he is still a newborn in his crib. Six fées visit the baby, each with a gift, and Morgan's gift is longevity and life living with her.[78][80] Ogier has an enhanced career, even becoming King of England,[y] and when he reaches the age of 100, he is shipwrecked by Morgan so he can be conveyed to Avalon. He returns after two hundred years to save France, and is given a firebrand[z] which must not be allowed to be burnt down for him to remain alive.[aa] Ogier tries to forfeit his life after accomplishing his task but is saved by Morgan.[76][82]
In the further development of the legend, Ogier and Morgan have a son named Meurvin (or Marlyn).[83] The latter himself became the subject of a lengthy Renaissance era romance, the Histoire du Preux et Vaillant Chevalier Meurvin (1540). Meurvin's story makes Ogier an ancestor of Godfrey of Bouillon, the historical crusader king of Jerusalem.[84]
The legend in Scandinavia
The early form of the chanson de geste was translated in the 13th century into Old Norse as Oddgeirs þáttr danska ("Short story of Oddgeir danski"), Branch III of the Karlamagnús saga (c. 1240[85]). An Old Danish version of it, Karl Magnus krønike, was later created (some copies date to 1480).[86]
The 16th-century Olger Danskes krønike was a Danish translation of the French prose romance Ogier le Danois by Kristiern Pedersen, started while in Paris in 1514–1515, probably completed during his second sojourn in 1527, and printed in 1534 in Malmö.[14][13] Pedersen also fused the romance with Danish genealogy, thus making Ogier the son of Danish king Gøtrik (Godfred).[87][13]
"Holger Danske og Burmand" (DgF 30, TSB E 133) recounts the fight between the hero and Burmand.[86] The ballad also exists in Swedish (SMB 216) and tells the story of how Holger Dansk is released from prison to fight against a troll by the name of Burman.[88][89]
Ogier in a 16th-century mural in Skævinge, Denmark
The hero's popularity led to him being depicted on 15th- and 16th-century paintings in two churches in Denmark and Sweden.[13] The Holger Danske and Burman painted on the ceiling of Floda Church in Sweden are attributed to Albertus Pictor around 1480. It also includes the text Holger Dane won victory over Burman; this is the burden of the Danish and Swedish ballad, but the painting predates other written texts for this ballad.[90][91] On the slopes of Rönneberga outside Landskrona in south Sweden (formerly a part of Denmark), there is a burial mound named after Höljer (Holger) Danske.
Modern era
The sleeping Ogier in Helen Stratton's illustration for The Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen (1899)
Ogier in Danish legend is said to dwell in Kronborg Castle, his beard grown down to the floor. He will sleep there until the day when the country of Denmark is in the greatest peril, at which time he will awaken and save the nation. This is a common folklore motif, classed as Type 1960.2, "The King Asleep in the Mountain".[92] According to the tour guides of Kronborg Castle, legend has it that Holger sat down in his present location after walking all the way from his completed battles in France. It was popularized by the short story "Holger Danske" written by Hans Christian Andersen in 1845.[93]
The 1789 opera Holger Danske, composed by F.L.Æ. Kunzen with a libretto by Jens Baggesen, had a considerable impact on Danish nationalism in the late 18th century. It spawned the literary "Holger feud", which revealed the increasing dissatisfaction among the native Danish population with the German influence on Danish society. Danish intellectual Peter Andreas Heiberg joined the feud by writing a satirical version entitled Holger Tyske ("Holger the German") ridiculing Baggesen's lyrics. Ogier is also regarded as the symbol of national identity in Bernhard Severin Ingemann's 1837 epic poem Holger Danske.[93]Vernon Lee's short story "A Wicked Voice" posits an opera called Ogier the Dane which the lead character Magnus attempts to finish under duress.[94]
During the 1940-1945 German occupation of Denmark, a patriotic presentation of Kunzen's opera in Copenhagen became a manifestation of Danish national feeling and opposition to the occupation. The largest armed group of the Danish resistance movement in World War II, Holger Danske, was named after the legend.
The Hotel Marienlyst in Helsingør commissioned a statue of Holger Danske in 1907 from the sculptor Hans Peder Pedersen-Dan. The bronze statue was outside the hotel until 2013, when it was sold and moved to Skjern.[95][96] The bronze statue was based on an original in plaster. The plaster statue was placed in the vaults at Kronborg Castle, also in Helsingør, where it became a popular attraction in its own right.[97] The plaster statue was replaced by a concrete copy in 1985.[98]
In Rudyard Kipling's poem "The Land" (1916), 'Ogier the Dane' is the archetypal name used to signify Danish invaders who have overrun Sussex. Ogier is the protagonist of The Viking (1951) by Edison Marshall, where he is portrayed as the child of Ragnar Lodbrok via his rape of the Northumbrian noblewoman Enid, mother of Aella of Northumbria; his chief rival is his paternal half-brother Hastein.[99] The protagonist of Poul Anderson's fantasy novel Three Hearts and Three Lions (1961), World War II Danish resistance member Holger Carlsen, time warps and learns that he actually is Ogier of the legend. Per Petterson's novel I Curse the River of Time (2001) has a ferry named Holger Danske.[ab] There is an Ogier story event in the strategy video game Crusader Kings II.
^Bédier's characterization was that this Othgerius had no distinction besides having donated some parcels of land to the abbey and being buried there (Voretzsch (1931), p. 209).
^"Gøtrek" is the spelling in Hanssen (1842) edition of the text. But there are various spellings: "Godfred",[13] etc.
^More than 13,000 in the Barrois edition, less in Eusebi's edition.
^Bédier called it a "remaniement (reworking)",[24] but this term is also used by Keller to refer to the Alexandrine version.
^Different variants of his name include Orels, Oriels, Oriens, Orient, Orients, Orienx, Oriles, Oriol, Oriols, and Oriolts.
^Various references cite this document ("Conversion of Othger") as being one (purportedly) about Ogier.[1] Cerf even refers to the document as Conversio Ogeri militis ("Conversion of Ogier").[37]
^Togeby (1966), p. 113 states it differently, that the inscriptions agree with the chanson Girart de Vienne where Aude is Oliver's sister. But Mabillon can be quoted thus: "..forsan ab Auda matre, Otgerii nostri sorore, Rotlando nupta".
^This is pointed out by {Philipp August Becker, state by Mabillon.
^Barrois edited the text divided into theses branches, and made the determinations on where the divisions by the dropped capital letters in one of the manuscripts (ms. B).[45]
^"Karaheut" in Ludlow (1865) and Voretzsch (1931), p. 209; The courtois "Karaheu" in Togeby (1969), p. 51. Langlois, Table des noms, p. 132, lists "Caraheu, Craheut, Karaheu, Karaheut, Karaheult, Kareeu". "Karahues" and "Karahuel" are also used.
^Brunamont owned a "Nebuchadnezzar" sword: it appears to be a sword named Nabugodonosor in Chevalerie Ogier (mss. ADM, v. 2730),[58] but in the Karlamagnús saga III, Ch. 37 the heathen is named Burnament and owned a "sword that belonged to King Nebuchadnezzar" (Old Norse: Nabogodonosor)is the former owner of 's sword. Buranment's horse is herenamd Befoli. [59]
^From Chevalerie Ogier, Manuscript A, i.e., Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fonds français, 24403, f. 174r–277v (painting on f. 199v). The original is available on view at the library's Mandragore (image databaee) site or the whole bound manuscript browsable here on Gallica.
^Voretzsch's Chapter 2 "La partie d'éschecs" or "the chess portion" corresponded to Branch II, vv. 3101–3472.[45]
^Based on the historical Desiderius, as aforemetioned.
^Branch III, vv. 3472–5864, was Voretzsch's Chapter 3. "La guerre de Lombardie", or "The War in Lombardy"; Voretzsh combined Branches IV–VIII as Chapter 5. "Castelfort" (vv. 5865–9551).[45]
^Branch IX, vv. 9796–11040. Voretszh combines Branches IX–XII into Chapter 5, La guerre des Saxons(vv.9552–12346).[45]
^Reworking or "refacimento" was the term employed by Pio Rajna[73] as well as by Paton. But this means "reworking", and the term has been indiscriminately applied to other works, not necessarily the Alexandrine version.
^For a list of excerpts and summary, see Paton (1903), p. 75 notes 2 and 7.
^MS. P" or Paris, l'Arsenal 2985 (ant. 190-191), "L" or London, Talbot Shrewsbury Book (MS. Royal 15 E vi.), and "T" or Turin, Biblioteca Nazionale L. IV, 2, (ant. G.I.38).
^He does rescue and marry the daughter of the king of England in the older version.
^Hanssen (1842), p. 4: "Saa lod han ham christne og kaldte ham Oluf; men jeg vil kalde ham Olger (Then he was Baptized and christened Oluf, but I shall call him Ogier)".
^The five manuscripts BAMPDP, known to Cerf,[21] plus 1 more (ms. S).[22] Ms. A, or BnF français, 24403, f. 174r-277v, which is illuminated, is viewable here on BnF's Gallica server.
^Voretzsch divided the work into five chapters, and his first chapter, Les enfances Ogier was the same as Branch I, vv.1–3100 (of the Barrois edition).[45][46]
^Togeby (1969), p. 151: "Nous apprenons d'abord comment Geoffroy, l'un des douze fils de Doon de Mayence, a conquis le Danemark et épousé Danemonde, qui meurt après avoir accouché d'Ogier"
^In the alexandrine verse version, Geoffoy, one of Doon's twelve sons, conquers Denmark and weds Danemonde, who dies after bearing Ogier.[49]
^Togeby (1969), p. 151: Gloriande promises he'll be the finest knight in Christendom, Sagremoire that he shall miss no battle, Foramonde that he be undefeated in combat, another ("white fay with the fleur-de-lis (fee blanche con fleur de liz"[79]) fulfillment of love, Beatrix granted him the gift of sweetness and grace. Morgue vowed he would never die until after he becomes her lover.
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