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*O le Ao o le Malo* of the
Independent State of
Samoa
O le Ao o le Malo of the; Independent State of; Samoa
O le Ao o le Malo o le Malo Saʻoloto Tutoʻatasi o Sāmoa
	Coat of arms of Samoa
	Flag of Samoa
	Incumbent; Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II; since 21 July 2017
Style	His Highness
Type	Head of state
Residence	Vailele
Seat	Apia
Appointer	Legislative Assembly
Term length	Five years, renewable once
Constituting instrument	Constitution of Samoa
Inaugural holder	Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole; Malietoa Tanumafili II;
Formation	1 January 1962; 63 years ago
Deputy	Members of the Council of Deputies
Salary	US$82,000 annually
Website	www.samoagovt.ws

The O le Ao o le Malo (lit. 'chief of the state' in Samoan)^[a] is the ceremonial head of state of Samoa. The position is described in Part III of the 1960 Samoan constitution.^[4]

At the time the constitution was adopted, it was anticipated that future heads of state would be chosen from among the four tamaʻāiga paramount chiefs in line with customary protocol. This is not a constitutional requirement, so Samoa can be considered a parliamentary republic rather than a constitutional monarchy. The government Press Secretariat describes the O le Ao o le Malo as a "ceremonial president". Similar to monarchs, the holder is given the formal style of Highness, as are the heads of the four paramount chiefly dynasties. The English title of Head of State (HOS) is also used for the office.^[5]

Members of the Council of Deputies act as deputies to the head of state, substituting in the event of a vacancy or when the head of state is unable to fulfil their duties, such as when they are either absent or ill.

The current O le Ao o le Malo is Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II, who was elected to a five-year term which started on 21 July 2017. He was re-elected to a second five-year term on 24 August 2022,^[6] and renewed his oath of office on 19 October.^[7]

History of the office

The 1960 Samoan constitution stipulated that heads of state were to be elected by the Legislative Assembly for five-year terms. At the same time, it created an exception for the inaugural officeholders, Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole and Malietoa Tanumafili II, named for a lifetime term beginning on Samoa's independence day in 1962.^[4]^[8] They represented, respectively, the paramount lineages of the Tupua Tamasese and Malietoa; both had fiercely competed in a civil war during the late 19th century for control for the four district chieftain titles, known as pāpā.^[9]

The two heads of state were jointly known as O Ao o le Malo and individually as O le Ao o le Malo. On the death of one of the joint heads of state, the constitution provided that their surviving counterpart would retain the office alone. The article which constituted their appointment would be sunset once both of their terms were terminated.^[4] Meaʻole died in 1963, leaving Tanumafili as sole head of state until his death in 2007, aged 94.^[10]^[11] The first head of state to be elected by the Legislative Assembly was Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi, who had served two prior terms as Prime Minister and is the elder son of Meaʻole. He was sworn in on 20 June 2007.^[12]

The fourth and current head of state, Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II, is the great-grandson of Mau movement leader Tuimalealiʻifano Faʻaoloiʻi and nephew of the original member of the Council of Deputies, Tuiaana Tuimalealiʻifano Suatipatipa II. He has held the paramount title of Tuimalealiʻifano since 1977.^[13]^[14]

In 2019, the Samoan government amended the constitution, introducing a two-term limit for the head of state.^[2] In November 2021, the government announced that it was considering an amendment to make the office a lifetime appointment. This suggestion was part of a review of the constitution.^[15]

The official residence of the head of state was the former home of writer Robert Louis Stevenson, until it was damaged in cyclones in the 1990s; the building subsequently became the Robert Louis Stevenson Museum.^[16]

Qualifications

Article 18 of the Samoan constitution sets the qualifications for the position of head of state. They must:

be eligible for election as a member of the Legislative Assembly;
possess such qualifications as the Legislative Assembly may determine by resolution;
not have previously been removed from the office on the grounds of misbehavior or infirmity.^[4]

Term of office

The head of state is elected by the Legislative Assembly for five years and can be re-elected once. The exceptions to this were Tanumafili and Meaʻole, who were exempted from the five-year term laid down by Article 19.^[4] A 2019 amendment to the constitution states that the head of state can serve no more than two terms.^[2] There was an understanding that the office is to rotate among the four paramount dynasties, of which the most recently elected belongs to the Tuimaleali'ifano lineage.^[9]

The termination of a head of state's term can occur in four ways:

resignation;
removal by the Legislative Assembly on the grounds of misbehavior or mental or physical infirmity;
approval by two-thirds of the Legislative Assembly of a resolution for removal that is proposed and supported by at least a fourth of its members, following at least fourteen days between the notice of motion and debate on the motion;^[4]
death.

Duties and powers

The position is that of a ceremonial figurehead, with actual power being held by the Prime Minister, whom the head of state appoints on the recommendation of the Legislative Assembly. While the head of state "does not play an active role in government", they can dissolve the assembly and no act of parliament may become law without their approval – akin to royal assent in monarchies.^[17] They may also grant pardons.^[18]

Elections

To date, there have been four elections for the office of head of state. The first was held on 16 June 2007, in which Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi was elected unopposed by the 49-member strong parliament. The second was held on 19 July 2012, in which Efi was nominated by Prime Minister Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi and seconded by Palusalue Faʻapo II, the leader of the opposition. The third was held on 30 June 2017, in which Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II was elected unopposed.^[19] The fourth was held on 23 August 2022, in which Sualauvi II was reelected unopposed.^[6]

List of officeholders

Status

Denotes acting O le Ao o le Malo

Symbols

^C Constitutional referendum

^D As member of the Council of Deputies

^† Died in office

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected	Term of office			Political party	Prime minister(s)
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Political party	Prime minister(s)
1		Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole (1905–1963)^[b]	1961^[C]	1 January 1962	5 April 1963^[†]	1 year, 94 days	Independent	Mulinuʻu II
1		Malietoa Tanumafili II (1913–2007)^[c]	1961^[C]	1 January 1962	11 May 2007^[†]	45 years, 130 days	Independent	Mulinuʻu II Lealofi IV Tupua Kolone Alesana Tuilaʻepa
—		Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi^[D] (born 1938) Acting O le Ao o le Malo	—	11 May 2007	20 June 2007	40 days	Independent	Tuilaʻepa
—		Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II^[D] (born 1947) Acting O le Ao o le Malo	—	11 May 2007	20 June 2007	40 days	Independent	Tuilaʻepa
2		Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi (born 1938)	2007 2012	20 June 2007	21 July 2017	10 years, 31 days	Independent	Tuilaʻepa
3		Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II (born 1947)	2017 2022	21 July 2017^[20]	Incumbent	6 years, 20 days	Independent	Tuilaʻepa Mataʻafa

Timeline

Notes

^ Ao is a title generally reserved for chiefs (matai), while malo means 'state' or 'government'.
^ Elected for Life. Served jointly with Tanumafili II.
^ Elected for Life. Served jointly with Meaʻole to 5 April 1963.

References

^ Tautua-Fanene, Deidre (14 September 2018). "$600,000 residence for Head of State re-opens". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Parliament reduces Head of State's term to ten years". Samoa Observer. 17 February 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
^ Hill, Bruce (28 September 2016). "Samoan leaders salaries published by newspaper". ABC Radio Australia.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Constitution of the Independent State of Western Samoa 1960". University of the South Pacific. Archived from the original on 8 July 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
^ "Head of State | O le Ao o le Malo". Government of Samoa. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2024. Afioga Tuimalealiifano Vaaletoa Sualauvi II was sworn in as the Head of State of the Independent State of Samoa on the 21st July, 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Samoan Parliament re-elects Head of State". RNZ Pacific. 24 August 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
^ "Pacific news in brief for October 19". RNZ Pacific. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022. Samoa's head of state has been sworn in by the Chief Justice for a second term of five years. [...] In August Parliament endorsed the appointment of Tuimalealiʻifano as head of state for a second term.
^ Hassall, Graham & Saunders, Cheryl (2002). Asia-Pacific Constitutional Systems. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-521-59129-5.
^ ^a ^b New Zealand Herald (28 June 2007). "Name says it all for Samoa's new leader". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
^ "Samoan king dies at the age of 94". The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 May 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2007.
^ Jackson, Cherelle (13 May 2007). "Samoa's Head of State Malietoa dies aged 95". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
^ New Zealand Herald (16 June 2007). "New head of state for Samoa". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
^ "TUIMALEALI'IFANO". members.iinet.net.au. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
^ "Tuimaleali'ifano Va'aleto'a Sualauvi II, is Samoa's fourth Head of State". Samoa Observer. 5 July 2017. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ "Samoa's Head of State could be appointed for life". RNZ Pacific. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
^ "Robert Louis Stevenson Museum". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
^ Kogan Page; World of information (2003). Asia and Pacific Review 2003/04, 21st edition. Essex, England: Walden Publishing Ltd. p. 41. ISBN 0-7494-4063-5.
^ eDiplomat.com. "Samoa". Retrieved 28 December 2007.
^ New head of state for Samoa Radio New Zealand International, 5 July 2017
^ New head of state for Samoa Radio New Zealand International, 5 July 2017