Swerdlow specialized in the history of exact sciences, astronomy in particular, from antiquity through the 17th century.[2] He earned his Ph.D. at Yale University in 1968; his doctoral dissertation, Ptolemy's Theory of the Distances and Sizes of the Planets: A Study of The Scientific Foundations of Medieval Cosmology, was supervised by Asger Aaboe.[4]
In 1988 Swerdlow received the MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, often referred to as the "genius grant."[1] In the same year he published the book The Babylonian Theory of the Planets (Princeton University Press).
In 1988 he was also elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society, the oldest learned society in the United States, dating to 1743.[6]