No. 1340 (Special Duties) Flight RAF (1340 Flt) was a flight of the Royal Air Force. In its first formation in India it was equipped with Vultee Vengeance Mk. IIIs and a single North American Harvard. In its second formation in Kenya it flew Harvards built under licence in Canada by Noorduyn.
Although Harvards were mostly used by the RAF as trainers or target tugs, the aircraft of 1340 Flt in Kenya were armed with 20 lb (9.1 kg) bombs and a machine-gun, for operations against the Mau Mau in Kenya in the early 1950s.
The flight was formed to carry out trials of mustard gas attacks for the Chemical Defence Research Department (India) (CDRD, now at Porton Down, Wiltshire), in preparation for expected similar attacks by the Japanese, who had already used it during the Second Sino-Japanese war.[4] The flight was nominally under the control of 225 Group in Bangalore, part of Air Headquarters, RAF India,[5] but flew under the direction of CDRD.
Operations
The Vengeances dropped 65-lb canisters and 500 lb clusters of mustard gas, and also sprayed it on Indian troops on the ground to test anti-gas protection such as gas capes and footwear. The unprotected troops, who may have been unaware of the danger, suffered many burns and blisters.[6]
The flight transferred to from Sulur to Cannonore (Kannur), Kerala State on 11 October 1945, where an airstrip was created on the maidan, a large public area overlooking the sea. There were two trials ranges, at Kumbla and Porkal, situated on the coast approx 40 miles (65 km) N. of Cannanore. Further chemical weapons trials continued until February 1946 when the surplus stocks of gas were dumped at sea. 1340 Flt disbanded on 31 March 1946.[3][c]
Incidents
On 5 December 1945 W/Cdr Edmondes took off solo in his Harvard (FE965) to make a reconnaissance round the Porkal area. His engined failed, and he made a successful forced landing in a paddy field about 10 miles inland. He was unhurt.[7]
Although some Harvards from Thornhill had been offered in February 1953 to the Kenyan authorities on the advice of General William "Looney" Hinde, the Director of Operations, a decision wasn't taken until the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, General Sir John Harding, visited Kenya to see the worsening security situation. Twelve Harvards from Thornhill were recommended to support two infantry battalions and an infantry brigade headquarters (39 Brigade), to restore security. Winston Churchill's cabinet endorsed the move on 10 March, and by the end of the month the establishment of 1340 Flight was formally approved.[10]
The flight arrived at RAF Eastleigh, Nairobi, Kenya, on 27 March 1953, commanded by Squadron Leader Charles G. St. David Jefferies,[10][14] equipped with 12 Noorduyn Harvard IIBs, eight operational and four in reserve, with two being serviced any one time.[15]
The aircraft were fitted with bomb racks under the wings to take eight 20 lb (9.1 kg) fragmentation bombs[16][17] and a single Browning .303 machine gun under the starboard wing,[9][14] with the ammunition carried inside the wing.[18] Because of the wooded terrain, the Harvards weren't used for two months because General Hinde thought they would be ineffective.[10]
The RAF was assisted by five Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer aircraft belonging to the Kenya Police Reserve Air Wing (KPRW). In October 1953 six RAF pilots were seconded to the KRPW to fly the Tri-Pacers. Being on secondment, the pilots adopted the attitude to discipline of the Kenya Police; it was somewhat more relaxed than that of the RAF.[citation needed] The Tri-Pacers weren't originally armed, although they were later fitted with a single rack for four 20 lb (9.1 kg) bombs behind the rear of cabin.[19][20]
1340 Flight, along with the KPRW Tri-Pacers deployed forward from Eastleigh to Nyeri airfield, which lay between Mount Kenya and the Aberdare Range, and a basic Operations Centre was set up in the nearby town of Mweiga. An RAF Regiment detachment eventually took over airfield defence from the RAF groundcrew.[14]
Operations
Working with the Army or local security forces on the ground, the Tri-Pacers would drop phosphorus grenades (e.g. No. 76 Special Incendiary Grenade) from the cockpit as markers, followed by the flight of eight Harvards which dropped their bombs on the target. From November 1953 various detachments of Avro Lincoln bombers were also stationed at RAF Eastleigh, armed with fourteen 500 lb (230 kg) bombs: No. 49 Squadron RAF, No. 100 Squadron RAF, No. 61 Squadron RAF, No. 214 Squadron RAF, and 49 Squadron again from December 1954.
There was a lack of coordination between the various armed services until May 1954 when Air CommodoreWalter Beisiegel[21] was appointed as Senior RAF Officer (SRAFO). He stayed until September 1955 and improved the process of target-marking by the Piper Tri-Pacers and the bombing of the Mau Mau by the Harvards and Lincolns.[22]
No. 1340 Flight was disbanded on 30 September 1955. During the course of the Mau Mau emergency, the flight had dropped 21,936 20-lb. bombs and lost five aircraft in accidents.[23]
^No 1340 (SD) Flight. Photo of 1340 flight's only Harvard (FE965) crashed in a paddy field in December 1945, with link to full story: plus a visiting Airspeed Oxford at Cannonore. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
^Buckmaster, Derek (22 September 2012). "CAC Wirraway Technical Details". Design Bureau. Retrieved 5 February 2018. Info from a page about the CAC Wirraway, similar to the Harvard, both developed from the NA-16 trainer.
Sturtivant, R. C. (22 February 1957a). "Below Squadron Status, An Outline History of R.A.F. and F.A.A. 'Flights', Part 1". Flight: 217–218. p. 217 * p. 218
Sturtivant, R. C. (1 March 1957b). "Below Squadron Status, An Outline History of R.A.F. and F.A.A. 'Flights', Part 2". Flight: 279–280. p. 279 * p. 280
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