The National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO; Thai: คณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติ; RTGS: khana raksa khwam sangop haeng chat; abbreviated (Thai: คสช.; RTGS: khosocho)) was the military junta that ruled Thailand between its 2014 Thai coup d'état on 22 May 2014 and 16 July 2019.[2] On 20 May 2014, the military declared martial law nationwide in an attempt to stop the country's escalating political crisis, and to force the democratically elected government out of office.[3] On 22 May, the military removed the Yingluck Shinawatra government and formed the NCPO to take control of the country. The junta censored the broadcasting system in Thailand, suspended most of the constitution (except for the article concerning the country's king), and detained members of the Thai cabinet.[4] The NCPO was formally dissolved following the swearing-in of the new cabinet on 16 July 2019.[5][6] Critics like former Thai ambassador Pithaya Pookaman charge that the NCPO "...is practically still very much intact. Its arbitrary power[s] ... transferred to the existing Internal Security Operations Command chaired by the prime minister."[7]
Name
The original English name assumed by the junta was "National Peace and Order Maintaining Council" or "NPOMC".[8] The name was later changed to "National Council for Peace and Order" or "NCPO" on 24 May 2014.[9]
Membership and authority
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(November 2018)
On 22 May 2014, the NCPO announced its composition[10] and stated that its leader would exercise all powers and duties which the laws invest in the prime minister and the cabinet, until a new prime minister was elected or appointed.[11][12]
On 23 May, the NCPO announced that short and long-term national administrative policies would be determined by its leader. It assigned its members to government ministries and agencies.[13]
On 24 May 2014, the NCPO dissolved the Senate and vested legislative power in its leader.[14] It also ordered the judicial branch to operate under its directives.[15] Later that day, it transferred Police General Adul Saengsingkaew, who was the Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police and also its deputy leader, to an inactive post in the Office of the Prime Minister.[14] Adul was replaced by Police General Watcharapol Prasarnrajkit.[16]
The stated objective of the coup and NCPO was to restore order to Thailand and to enact political reforms.[19] Specifically, Thailand's military junta promised to clean up corruption, reduce political tensions, transform the Thai economy, solve the issues in Thailand's educational system and infrastructure, and equitably allocate state funding regionally. Since then, Thailand's military has failed to demonstrate it is a neutral, prudent economic manager that refrains from mixing business and politics. Top army brass appear to be inexplicably wealthy. The generals have been accused of larding Thai companies with junta cronies, of boosting defense budgets, and of making little progress on economic reform.[20]
Attitude adjustment
Since taking over, the NCPO has made full use of martial law to prosecute opponents, ban political activity, and censor the media. More than 1,000 people, including academics, political bloggers, activists and politicians, have been detained or sent for "attitude adjustment" at military installations. There are allegations of torture. Prosecutions under the country's strict lèse majesté laws, which protect the monarchy from insult, have risen sharply.[21] In its annual report in January 2015, Human Rights Watch said military rule had sent human rights in Thailand into "a freefall".[22]
The victims said that they were taken out of their house and detained in the military base. Renowned dissents such as Yingluck Shinawatra, Watana Muangsook, Pravit Rojanaphruk, and Karun Hosakul were abused by the NCPO since the coup. Deputy Prime Minister Prawit Wongsuwan told reporters that "If they speak so 100 times, they will be summoned 100 times." Prawit added that "attitude adjustment" can last between three and seven days.[23]
State influence on Buddhism
From 2015, Buddhism in Thailand came under significantly higher state control during Prayut's premiership. Following the coup, the NCPO set up a National Reform Council with a religious committee led by former Thai senator Paiboon Nititawan and former monk Mano Laohavanich. The calls for reform were led by one of Prayut's close allies, activist monk Phra Buddha Issara,[24] known for leading the violent protests in Bangkok that led to the coup.[25][26][27]
In 2016, the NCPO proposed requiring temples to open their finances to the public[28] and requiring monks to carry smart cards to identify their legal and religious backgrounds.[29][30] The measures were aimed at increasing transparency and efficiency in the management of temples and registration of monks, and were endorsed by the Sangha Supreme Council. The new constitution promulgated in 2017 indicates that the state shall support Buddhism and other religions as well as in disseminating the teachings of Theravada Buddhism.[31][32][33] Prayut later stalled a decision by the Sangha Supreme Council by refusing to submit the nomination for Supreme Patriarch of Somdet Chuang, a Maha Nikaya monk who was next in line for the position.[34] The appointment was stalled until a law passed that allowed the Thai government to bypass the Sangha Supreme Council and appoint the Supreme Patriarch directly.[35][36] This led to the appointment of a monk from the Dhammayuttika Nikaya instead by King Rama X, who chose the name out of one of five given to him by Prayut.[36]
In 2017, Prayut used article 44 to replace the head of the National Office of Buddhism with a Department of Special Investigation (DSI) official.[37] However, in August 2017, Prayut removed him from the post after religious groups called on the government to fire him because of his reform plans, which were viewed as damaging the image of monks. Phra Buddha Issara said the junta gave in to pressure too easily given government promises to fight corruption.[38]
In May 2018, the NCPO launched simultaneous raids of four different temples to arrest several monks shortly after a crackdown on protesters on the anniversary of the coup.[39][40] To the surprise of many officials, one of the monks arrested was Phra Buddha Issara, known for his ties to Prayut.[41] The right-wing monk was arrested for charges brought against him in 2014, including alleged robbery and detaining officials, however, his most serious charge was a charge of unauthorized use of the royal seal filed in 2017.[41][42][43] Police did not state why he was just then being arrested for charges filed as far back as four years ago; one activist[who?] stated he believed it was because of an order from an undisclosed influential figure.[41] Former Senator Paiboon, who led the NCPO's tightening control of Buddhism, also expressed surprise at the arrest.[39] All of the monks arrested in the May raids were defrocked shortly after being taken into custody, and detained before trial.[44][note 1]
Decisions and future
The NCPO repealed the 2007 Constitution, save the second chapter which deals with the King. In addition, it formally ordered the dissolution of the caretaker government, while the Senate was dissolved. Other state agencies, including the courts and the independent organs, remain operative.[46]
The NCPO imposed a curfew throughout the country, ordering people to stay indoors from 22:00 to 05:00.[47] It laid down a ban on political gatherings and directed all protesters to disperse.[10] It also ordered all educational institutes, both public and private, to close from 23 to 25 May 2014.[48]
Compensation
On 2 August 2014, a law was issued to determine monthly salaries and other monetary benefits for NCPO staff. General Prayut was granted 125,590 baht per month. Each of the other NCPO members was granted salaries of 119,920 baht (US$3,362) per month. These salaries are in addition to the benefits they are already entitled to receive by virtue of their posts in the armed forces.[49]
Immediately after the coup was announced, People's Democratic Reform Committee (PDRC) protesters expressed their support for the takeover.[50] Phra Buddha Issara, a Buddhist monk and PDRC co-leader, went on stage and proclaimed the victory of the anti-Yingluck Shinawatra government protesters before requesting that protesters return to their homes.[51] Some pro-Shinawatra government protesters dispersed at the behest of the military, while others refused to leave.[50] The NCPO provided 70 military vehicles to send protesters from both sides home.[52]
Canada – Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird condemned the coup and said, "This decision violates Thailand's democratic principles and stands in stark contrast to the Army's earlier assurances that its role would be limited to securing public order. We hope and expect the Thai military will return Thailand to civilian rule as soon as possible, respect democratic processes and the rule of law, ensure freedom of expression and assembly, and guarantee due process for those who have been detained."[53]
EU – The European External Action Service (EEAS) called for the military to accept and respect the constitutional authority of civilian power and stressed "the importance of holding credible and inclusive elections as soon as feasible".[54]
France – President François Hollande condemned the coup and called for "an immediate return to the constitutional order and for a vote to be organised".[55]
UN – Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations issued a statement expressing concern over the coup, and called for "a prompt return to constitutional, civilian, democratic rule" and movement towards cooperation between the parties.[56]
US – Secretary of State John Kerry condemned the coup and said that "this act will have negative implications for the US–Thai relationship, especially for our relationship with the Thai military".[57]
UK – Britain expressed concern over the coup, however it did not go as far as to condemn it. The British Foreign Office urged British travelers to follow travel advice, and stated that, "We are concerned at the announcement of a military coup in Thailand and are following developments closely. We urge all sides to put aside their differences, and adhere to the values of democracy and the rule of law. This is clearly in the interests of the people of Thailand." They also added, "ongoing political instability and the continued violence undermine Thailand's democratic framework."[58]
The NCPO in action
The government seized thousands of "divisive" blue medical boxes and towels intended for distribution to the elderly on 12 April 2016. The boxes were donated by the Democrat Party. The blue boxes carried the photo of Abhisit Vejjajiva, leader of the party. The military had only the week before seized almost 9,000 red Songkran water bowls from the Democrats' rival, the Pheu Thai Party. "The NCPO adheres to principles, righteousness and fairness under the same law. People may wonder why things cannot be handed out during this time of happiness, please understand the officials," said Colonel Piyapong Klinpan, NCPO spokesman. The Democrats had assembled more than 1,200 sets of medicine boxes and towels for the elderly in Phran Kratai District of Kamphaeng Phet Province, a party stronghold. The giveaways were aimed at marking Elderly Day on 13 April.[59][60]
In December 2015, during the same week he disparaged the poor looking for handouts, the government announced a slate of "New Year's gifts" to the populace. These included tax breaks on purchases made between 25 and 31 December, toll-free expressways, and discounted appliances and other governmental largesse.[61]
The Article 44 was used to suspend Sukhumbhand Paribatra, the governor of Bangkok, after irregularities made by the Office of the Auditor-General (OAG).[62]
In September 2018, the government arrested several alleged sympathizers of a vestigial political movement advocating the abolishment of the constitutional monarchy. Police seized as evidence T-shirts bearing the group's logo of a red and white flag. Deputy Prime Minister Prawit Wongsuwan declared, "They sell shirts and flags. We've arrested three or four of them now. Whoever we can get to, we will arrest them all," he said, adding "They are traitors."[63][64]
On 10 September 2018, police shut down a forum on the topic, "Will Myanmar's Generals Ever Face Justice for International Crimes?" organized by the Foreign Correspondents Club of Thailand (FCCT) in Bangkok. The reasons given by police for the shut down: it could damage national security, affect foreign relations, and a give a third party the opportunity to create unrest. It is thought that this is the sixth time police have forced the cancellation of an FCCT program since Thailand's military seized power in 2014.[65]
Dissolution
On 6 April 2017, a new constitution drafted by the NCPO was promulgated replacing the 2014 interim constitution. The transitory provisions of the 2017 constitution state that the NCPO will come to an end when a cabinet established after the first general election under this constitution takes office, but until then the NCPO retained its sweeping powers under the 2014 constitution. These provisions also constitutionalised all the actions as well as the announcements and orders of the NCPO.[66]
^Thai law states that monks cannot be jailed, therefore any monk taken into custody must be defrocked if denied release on bail, even before guilt is determined.[45]
^ประกาศแต่งตั้งหัวหน้าคณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติ [Proclamation on Appointment of Leader of the National Council for Peace and Order] (PDF). Government Gazette (in Thai) (131). Bangkok: Cabinet Secretariat. Special Part 82 D, pg. 1. 2014-05-26. Archived from the original(PDF) on May 28, 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
^ธรรมกายแจงปมภัยศาสนา [Dhammakaya responds to issues that threaten [Buddhist] religion]. Thai News Agency (in Thai). 3 June 2016. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
^Council of State of Thailand (2017-04-11). "Ratthathammanūn hæng rātcha'ānāčhak thai phutthasakkarāt sǭng phan hā rǭi hoksip" รัฐธรรมนูญแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย พุทธศักราช ๒๕๖๐ [Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, 2560 Buddhist Era]. Council of State of Thailand Law Library (in Thai). Bangkok: Council of State of Thailand. Retrieved 2017-04-18. (1) มาตรา ๒๖๕ ให้คณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติที่ดำรงตำแหน่งอยู่ในวันก่อนวันประกาศใช้รัฐธรรมนูญนี้ ยังคงอยู่ในตำแหน่งเพื่อปฏิบัติหน้าที่ต่อไป จนกว่าคณะรัฐมนตรีที่ตั้งขึ้นใหม่ภายหลังการเลือกตั้งทั่วไปครั้งแรกตามรัฐธรรมนูญนี้จะเข้ารับหน้าที่. ในระหว่างการปฏิบัติหน้าที่ตามวรรคหนึ่ง ให้หัวหน้าคณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติและคณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติยังคงมีหน้าที่และอำนาจตามที่บัญญัติไว้ในรัฐธรรมนูญแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย (ฉบับชั่วคราว) พุทธศักราช ๒๕๕๗... (2) มาตรา ๒๗๙ บรรดาประกาศ คำสั่ง และการกระทำของคณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติ...ชอบด้วยรัฐธรรมนูญนี้และกฎหมาย และมีผลใช้บังคับโดยชอบด้วยรัฐธรรมนูญนี้ต่อไป...
^"ครม.ประยุทธ์ เข้าเฝ้าถวายสัตย์ฯ 16 ก.ค." [Prayut Cabinet to be sworn in before King on 16 July]. Thai PBS News (in Thai). 14 July 2019. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
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