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National Airlines Flight 102
	N949CA, the aircraft involved in the accident
Accident
Date	April 29, 2013
Summary	Crashed after take-off due to load shift resulting in loss of control
Site	Bagram Airfield, Parwan Province, Afghanistan ; 34°54′59″N 069°14′24″E / 34.91639°N 69.24000°E
Aircraft
Aircraft type	Boeing 747-428BCF
Aircraft name	Lori
Operator	National Airlines
IATA flight No.	N8102
ICAO flight No.	NCR102
Call sign	NATIONAL CARGO 102
Registration	N949CA
Flight origin	Châteauroux-Centre "Marcel Dassault" Airport, Châteauroux, France
Stopover	Camp Bastion, Helmand Province, Afghanistan
Last stopover	Bagram Airfield, Parwan Province, Afghanistan
Destination	Al Maktoum International Airport, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Occupants	7
Crew	7
Fatalities	7
Survivors	0

National Airlines Flight 102 (N8102/NCR102) was a cargo flight operated by National Airlines between Camp Shorabak (formerly Camp Bastion) in Afghanistan and Al Maktoum Airport in Dubai, with a refueling stop at Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan. On 29 April 2013, the Boeing 747-400 operating the flight crashed within the perimeter of the Bagram airfield moments after taking off, killing all seven people on board.^[1]^[2]

The subsequent investigation concluded that improperly secured cargo broke free during the take-off and rolled to the back of the cargo hold, crashing through the rear pressure bulkhead and disabling the rear flight control systems. This rendered the aircraft stuck in an uncontrollable pitch-up attitude and induced a stall, and made recovery by the pilots impossible.^[3]

Accident

At the time of the crash, the airline had been operating between Camp Bastion and Dubai for a month.^[1] Flight 102 had originated in Camp Bastion, where it had been loaded with five heavy armoured vehicles, and had stopped at Bagram Airfield to refuel.^[4]^[5] The aircraft then took off from Bagram's runway 03 at 15:30 local time and was climbing through 1,200 feet (370 m) when its nose rose sharply. The aircraft then stalled, banked right, and leveled off just before impact with the ground; the whole aircraft exploded into a large fireball, almost damaging the vehicles nearby.^[1] The crash site was off the end of runway 03, within the perimeter of the airfield. The seven-person crew consisting of four pilots, two mechanics, and a loadmaster,^[1] all of whom were U.S. citizens,^[6] were killed in the crash. No one on the ground was injured.

A thunderstorm was also in the vicinity of Bagram at the time of the crash and the wind changed direction by 120° during one hour commencing approximately 35 minutes before the crash.^[7] A dashboard camera on a car in the vicinity of the runway end recorded the crash, which shows the aircraft pitching up, falling into a stall, and then sharply banking right after a slight bank to the left, indicating asymmetrical lift. The plane soon righted itself and then crashed at a shallow angle on the ground.^[1] CNN stated that a government official speaking on the condition of anonymity confirmed the video's authenticity.^[5]

Aircraft

The aircraft involved was a 20-year-old Boeing 747-428BCF,^{[note 1]} registration N949CA,^[8] S/N 25630, and named Lori.^[7] It was manufactured in 1993 as a combi aircraft, and delivered to Air France and operated as a passenger aircraft until 2007 before it was modified for service as a freighter with Air France Cargo, and was sold to National Airlines in 2010.^[7] At the time of the crash, the aircraft was flying on behalf of the United States Air Force's Air Mobility Command.^[1]^[6]

Crew

The captain was 34-year-old Brad Hasler, who had worked for the airline since 2004. He had 6,000 flight hours, including 440 hours on the Boeing 747.^[9]^: 6^[10]^[11]^[12] The first officer was 33-year-old Jamie Lee Brokaw, who had worked for the airline since 2009 and had 1,100 flight hours, with 209 of them on the Boeing 747.^[9]^: 10The relief crew consisted of captain Jeremy Lipka, 37, and first officer Rinku Shumman, 32.^[13]^[14] The loadmaster was 36-year-old Michael Sheets, who had worked for the airline since 2010.^[9]^: 7 The two mechanics were Gary Stockdale and Timothy "Tim" Garrett, both 51 years old.^[14]

Aftermath

The crash interrupted the New Zealand Defence Force's (NZDF) withdrawal from Afghanistan, as it was only hours away from using another National Airlines aircraft to fly equipment out of the country; after the crash, the NZDF indefinitely postponed using National Airlines for its airlift requirements.^[15]

The aircraft name Lori was transferred to another National Airlines 747 eight years later, which registered as N936CA and former Global SuperTanker Services aircraft.^[16]

"Lori" was named after Lori Alf, the wife of company owner Chris Alf.^{[citation needed]}

Investigation

The United States National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the Afghanistan Civil Aviation Authority investigated the crash.^[6] The NTSB reported in a 30 April 2013 press release that representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Boeing Company would also provide technical expertise and aid in the investigation.^[17]

On 2 June 2013, investigators from the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation of Afghanistan confirmed the load shift hypothesis as the starting point: the cargo of five mine resistant ambush protected vehicles (three Cougars and two Oshkosh M-ATV's), totaling 80 tons of weight, had not been properly secured. At least one armored vehicle had come loose and rolled backward, struck the E8 rack which housed both the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and the flight data recorder (FDR), causing them to cease recording, and then crashed through the airplane's rear bulkhead, damaging it.^[9]^: 51–52 In the process it crippled key hydraulic systems and severely damaged the horizontal stabilizer mechanism, including breaking its jackscrew, rendering the airplane uncontrollable^[3]^[9] and resulting in the abnormal pitch-up rotation, stall, and eventual crash.^[1]

The NTSB determined that the probable cause of this accident was "National Airlines' inadequate procedures for restraining special cargo loads, which resulted in the loadmaster's improper restraint of the cargo, combined with the aircraft being loaded with more heavy vehicles than could safely be secured in it."^[1] One of the key recommendations was to mandate training for all loadmasters.^[9]

In media

The Canadian TV series Mayday (also known as Air Disasters and Air Emergency in the US and Air Crash Investigation in the UK and the rest of the world) covered Flight 102 in episode 10 of season 16, called "Afghan Nightmare", first broadcast in 2017.^[18]

Notes

^ The aircraft was a Boeing 747-400 model; Boeing assigns a unique code for each company that buys one of its aircraft, which is applied as a suffix to the model number at the time the aircraft is built, hence "747-428". This aircraft was converted to freighter configuration as part of Boeing's conversion program of passenger 747-400s, hence "747-428BCF" for Boeing Converted Freighter.