N-po generation (Korean: N포세대; Hanja: N抛世代; RR: N-posedae; lit. generation that has given up on N things) is a new term for the generation of people who have given up on numerous things in South Korea. It was first attested as the Sampo generation, which was then expanded to the 'N-po Generation' who gave up on n number of things. 'Sampo generation' and 'N-po generation' can both to refer to the N-po generations as a whole. In a similar term, Japan refers to the Satori generation.[1]
The Sampo Generation (Korean: 삼포세대; Hanja: 三抛世代; RR: samposedae, "Three giving-up generation") is a closely related term, for people said to have given up on three (sam) things: dating, marriage, and child-rearing. Many of the young generation in South Korea have given up those three things because of social pressures and economic problems, such as increasing cost-of-living, tuition payments, and affordable housing scarcity.[2]
The Opo Generation has given up an additional two, to make five (o): home ownership and personal relationships. The Chilpo Generation refers to the generation who gave up another two, making seven (chil): their hopes and their careers.[1][3] Finally, the sippo sedae ("ten giving-up generation") or wanpo sedae ("total giving-up generation") culminates in giving up life.[4]
Currently, many young people in their 20s and 30s in South Korea are giving up on dating and marriage and putting off having children without a commitment, on the grounds that they cannot afford to care for themselves, let alone a family, due to economic and social pressures, such as soaring prices, tuition fees, job shortages, and home prices.[1] The Sampo generation is similar to the Satori generation in Japan.[5]
Origin and expansion of the word
The term Sampo generation was used by the special reports team of Kyunghyang Shinmun in the 2011 publication "Talking About the Welfare State".[6] They defined Sampo generation members as those with unstable jobs, high student loan payments, precarious preparations for employment, etc., and who postponed love, marriage, and childbirth without any prospective plans.[7] The report argued that the burden of starting a family in South Korea was so high because of the government's preference to delegate social welfare duties to families themselves. The emergence of the Sampo generation demonstrates that the structure of the traditional family unit was disintegrating at an alarming rate, according to the report. This word and its definition rapidly spread through various media and the Internet.
The term means "three abandoning generation" or "three giving up generation", referring to the three things the Sampo generation is giving up on: courtship, marriage and children.
It is a term coined to show that the burden of Korean families who have taken on welfare that the state is not responsible for has reached a critical point, eventually reaching a state of disintegration of the traditional family form.[8] From an economic perspective, the term is both economically depressive and, at the same time, the domestic market is shrinking because Korea is heavily dependent on imported goods. This can be defined as a country where stagflation is a common practice due to low economic growth, very low wages, and rising prices due to its unique economic structure, resulting in higher cost of living compared to lower income, leading to the creation of such terms.[9] Since then, it has spread socially through various media, political circles, and the Internet, and has become a symbolic term to reveal the lives of young people and the challenges of our society. Young adults in not only Korea but also the U.S. are becoming more economically dependent on parents due to the recent shortage of jobs, and the reality of Millennials, which was noted until a few years ago, can be seen as similar to Korea's Sampo generation.[10]
Sociological analysis
The main cause of the word's birth is assumed to be the economic and social pressures of modern society on young people.[11]
Many young Koreans tend to regard love as a luxury due to being overwhelmed by the social climate of paying back student loans, suffering from excessive housing and living expenses, and pushing them to work toward the best specs, if not part of a first-rate company, because of the social structure that values only large companies.[11]
The generalization of business-like wedding halls, which carefully assess each other's business specifications instead of romantic ones, and the rapid increase in wedding costs.[11][12]
It is frustrating to many young people who do not meet the conditions for being legally or socially eligible to marry.[11]
Even if they are married, they will be burdened with the cost of childcare, and the low birthrate trend caused by these economic pressures and the lack of social consideration for working mothers are significant factors that make young couples hesitate to give birth.[11]
And also, with the exception of a group of owners who would not give up anything, four types of abandonment were found, with uncertainty of the order of 27.36% of the total samples, 19.92% of the actualist, 13.24% of the self-absorbed type and 8.70% of the suspended type.[14]
Consequences
In the modern age, the need for marriage has disappeared, and the sense that marriage is not necessary has spread. Marriage and childcare have shifted from necessity toward individualistic choice. Socially, this can explain the decreasing birthrate, as late or lack-of marriage lifts a burden of childcare, can induce depression and suicide rates, and accelerates an aging society and the absence of a generation responsible for the welfare of the elderly.[3][15]
Similar issues in other countries
In the United States, many millennials and late Generation Xers also belong to the Boomerang Generation, who live with their parents after they would normally be considered old enough to live on their own. This social phenomenon is mainly caused by high unemployment rates coupled with various economic downturns, and in turn, many Boomerang children postpone romance and marriage due to economic hardship.
In Japan, the generation of youths in the 10 to 20s range since around 2010[16] is called the "Satori generation". They are similar to the "Sampo Generation". Typically, they are not interested in luxury items, trips abroad, money, and successful careers.[17]
In Europe, there are several terms and groups comparable to the "Sampo generation". In Greece, they are called the 700 euro generation. These youngsters often work at temporary jobs and receive the minimum allowable salary of 700 euros a month. The term began to appear in 2008.[18]
In China, a popular phenomenon called "tang ping", or lying flat, that describes Chinese youth who refuse to conform to social pressures such as hard work or even overwork, thereby lowering their personal desires and wants.
^"취업준비생 이별 이유 1위…삼포세대의 비극" [The best reason for breakup of young applicant...tragedy of Sampo Generation]. Segye Ilbo. 2013-06-19. Archived from the original on 2014-11-13. Retrieved 2013-10-27.
^Segye news team (2013-06-19). "취업준비생 이별 이유 1위…삼포세대의 비극" [The first reason of job seekers' farewell...Tragedy of Sampo generation]. 취업준비생 이별 이유 1위…삼포세대의 비극 세계일보. Retrieved 2019-04-29.
^Park, Hye-jung (2012-02-01). "20~30대 10명중 4명 "나는 삼포세대"" [4 of 10 twenties~thirties "I am Sampo generation."]. 아시아경제 (in Korean). Retrieved 2019-06-10.
^백, 민정 (2013-09-24). "Sad Millennials… 美도 '삼포 세대' 졸업＝독립 옛말" [Sad Millennials… Americans are also Sampo generation. Graduation doesn't mean independence now.]. Kukmin Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 2019-04-29.
^Jung, Won-sik (2011-05-31). "[표지이야기]연애도 결혼도 출산도 포기한 '삼포세대'". weekly.khan.co.kr (in Korean). 'Sampo generation' who has given up dating, marriage and childbirth. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
^Kim, Soonbae (2008-12-23). "유럽사회 흔드는 '700유로 세대'" [700 Euro Generation Shakes Europe Society]. Hangyeorye. Archived from the original on 2013-12-15. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
