Märk hur vår skugga

"Märk hur vår skugga"
Art song
First page of sheet music for the 1810 edition
English	Mark how our shadow
Written	Late 1780s–1790
Text	poem by Carl Michael Bellman
Language	Swedish
Melody	Perhaps by Bellman himself
Published	1790 in Fredman's Epistles
Scoring	voice and cittern

Märk hur vår skugga (Mark how our shadow) is one of the best-known of the 1790 Fredman's Epistles, where it is No. 81. These were written and performed by Carl Michael Bellman, the dominant figure in the Swedish song tradition. Its subject is the funeral of one of Bellman's female acquaintances, Grälmakar Löfberg's wife.

Context

Carl Michael Bellman is a central figure in the Swedish ballad tradition and a powerful influence in Swedish music, known for his 1790 Fredman's Epistles and his 1791 Fredman's Songs.^[1] A solo entertainer, he played the cittern, accompanying himself as he performed his songs at the royal court.^[2][3][4]

Jean Fredman (1712 or 1713–1767) was a real watchmaker of Bellman's Stockholm. The fictional Fredman, alive after 1767, but without employment, is the supposed narrator in Bellman's epistles and songs.^[5] The epistles, written and performed in different styles, from drinking songs and laments to pastorales, paint a complex picture of the life of the city during the 18th century. A frequent theme is the demimonde, with Fredman's cheerfully drunk Order of Bacchus,^[6] a loose company of ragged men who favour strong drink and prostitutes. At the same time as depicting this realist side of life, Bellman creates a rococo picture, full of classical allusion, following the French post-Baroque poets. The women, including the beautiful Ulla Winblad, are "nymphs", while Neptune's festive troop of followers and sea-creatures sport in Stockholm's waters.^[7] The juxtaposition of elegant and low life is humorous, sometimes burlesque, but always graceful and sympathetic.^[2][8] The songs are "most ingeniously" set to their music, which is nearly always borrowed and skilfully adapted.^[9]

Song

Music and verse form

The song has four verses, each of 9 lines. The music is in ⁴
₄ time, and is marked Andantino.^[1] The melody may be by Bellman himself; a very similar melody was used by Eric Lorentz Zebell, but it was printed after the Epistles.^[10][11] The real Doctor Blad was the Bellman family's doctor, and one of their closest friends, during the latter part of Bellman's life.^[12]

Lyrics

The song was written late in the 1780s or in 1790, not long before publication.^[13] Epistle No. 81 is subtitled "Til Grälmakar Löfberg i Sterbhuset vid Danto bommen, diktad vid Grafven" (To Quarrelsome Löfberg in the Hospice by the Danto barrier, dictated at the Grave). The dedication runs "Dedicerad til Doctor BLAD" (Dedicated to Doctor Blad).

Epistle 81, first verse

Carl Michael Bellman, 1790[1][14]	Prose translation	Paul Britten Austin, 1977[15]
Märk hur' vår skugga, märk Movitz Mon Frère! Innom et mörker sig slutar, Hur Guld och Purpur i Skåfveln, den där, Byts til grus och klutar. Vinkar Charon från sin brusande älf, Och tre gånger sen Dödgräfvaren sjelf, Mer du din drufva ej kryster. Därföre Movitz kom hjelp mig och hvälf Grafsten öfver vår Syster.	Mark how our shadow, mark, Movitz mon frère,[a] within a darkness ends, How gold and purple in that shovel, is changed to grit and rags. Charon waves from his roaring stream, and three times too the gravedigger waves, no more your grape will glisten. So, Movitz, come and help me place a gravestone over our sister.	Mark how our shadow, mark, Movitz mon frère, One small darkness encloses, How gold and purple that shovel there To rags and rubbish disposes. Charon beckons from tumultuous waves, Then thrice this ancient digger of graves. For thee ne'er grapeskin shall glister. Wherefore, my Movitz, come help me to raise A gravestone over our sister.

Reception

Vignette on title page of "Bilder ur Fredmans Epistlar" by C. Wahlbom

The scholar of literature Lars Lönnroth writes that Bellman often begins with a priestly tone, as he does for this churchyard epistle, before turning from the elegiac to a drinking-orgy, as Fredman and the other guests are unmasked. The language, the genre, the voice, and the roles played all switch over, he observes, from the elevated to a drinking song's slapdash interaction. He writes that this does not mean that the sacred is accorded no value; rather, Bellman directs the "holy light" of attention from the high to the low, valuing both of them.^[16]

Students of Swedish literature at the University of Gothenburg are expected to study Fredman's Songs and Epistles, "especially Fredman's epistle nos. 23, 33, and 81."^[17]

Recordings and translations

Epistle 81 has been recorded by Fred Åkerström and by Cornelis Vreeswijk.^[18] Other versions have been recorded by Stefan Sundström and Imperiet, who scored a 1985-1985 Svensktoppen hit with the song. The English-speaking band Mediaeval Baebes recorded the song in Swedish on their 2005 album Mirabilis.^[19] The Swedish folk singer Sofia Karlsson included it in her 2007 album Visor från vinden, alongside works by poets such as Baudelaire and Dan Andersson; it was the only Bellman song in the collection.^[20] The Danish metal band Evil Masquerade included the song, in Swedish, in their 2016 album The Outcast Hall of Fame.^[21][22]

A Danish translation was recorded by Nis Bank-Mikkelsen. An English translation, entitled Epistle No. 81, has been recorded by the Swedish doom metal band Candlemass on the 1988 album Ancient Dreams, and by the American doom metal band While Heaven Wept on the 2003 album Of Empires Forlorn. Another English translation, entitled Castrum Doloris, was recorded by the Swedish black metal band Marduk on their 2003 album World Funeral.^[23] Vreeswijk translated the epistle to Dutch.^[24][25]

The Bellman biographer Paul Britten Austin made a verse translation in 1977.^[15]

Notes

1. French: "my brother"

References

1. Bellman 1790.
2. "Carl Michael Bellmans liv och verk. En minibiografi (The Life and Works of Carl Michael Bellman. A Short Biography)" (in Swedish). Bellman Society. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
3. "Bellman in Mariefred". The Royal Palaces [of Sweden]. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
4. Johnson, Anna (1989). "Stockholm in the Gustavian Era". In Zaslaw, Neal (ed.). The Classical Era: from the 1740s to the end of the 18th century. Macmillan. pp. 327–349. ISBN 978-0131369207.
5. Britten Austin 1967, pp. 60–61.
6. Britten Austin 1967, p. 39.
7. Britten Austin 1967, pp. 81–83, 108.
8. Britten Austin 1967, pp. 71–72 "In a tissue of dramatic antitheses—furious realism and graceful elegance, details of low-life and mythological embellishments, emotional immediacy and ironic detachment, humour and melancholy—the poet presents what might be called a fragmentary chronicle of the seedy fringe of Stockholm life in the 'sixties.".
9. Britten Austin 1967, p. 63.
10. Massengale 1979, pp. 204–205.
11. Massengale, James (1993). "The Note that was Worth a Ducat: The Search for the Source Melody to Bellman's Epistel 81". In Ingwersen, Faith; Norseng, Mary Kay (eds.). Fin(s) de Siècle in Scandinavian Perspective: Studies in Honor of Harald S. Naess. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 28–41. ISBN 978-1879751248.
12. "Kommentar: No. 81". Bellman.net. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
13. "N:o 81 (Kommentar tab)". Bellman.net. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
14. Hassler & Dahl 1989, pp. 186–188.
15. Britten Austin 1977, pp. 92–94.
16. Lönnroth 2005, pp. 18, 314.
17. "Litteraturlista V15 LV1150 Moment 2: Klassiker ur Sveriges litteratur". Gothenburg University. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
18. Hassler & Dahl 1989, p. 284.
19. Loftus, Johnny. "Mediæval Bæbes Mirabilis". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
20. "Visor från vinden". Sonloco.com. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
21. The Outcast Hall Of Fame album notes. Dark Minstrel Music. 2016. p. 11.
22. "Evil Masquerade - The Outcast Hall of Fame - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives". metal-archives.com. Retrieved 13 July 2016./>
23. Gunnar Sauermann: Marduk. Schweden, Tod & Teufel. In: Hard Rock & Metal Hammer, February 2003, p. 28.
24. "Geen blijvend succes, 1972-1982". Biografie (in Dutch). Cornelis Vreeswijk Genootschap. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
25. "Cornelis Vreeswijk - Epistel 81". Muzikum. Retrieved 20 February 2022.

Sources

• Bellman, Carl Michael (1790). Fredmans epistlar. Stockholm: By Royal Privilege.
• Britten Austin, Paul (1967). The Life and Songs of Carl Michael Bellman: Genius of the Swedish Rococo. New York: Allhem, Malmö American-Scandinavian Foundation. ISBN 978-3-932759-00-0.
• Britten Austin, Paul (1977). Fredman's Epistles and Songs. Stockholm: Reuter and Reuter. OCLC 5059758.
• Hassler, Göran; Dahl, Peter (illus.) (1989). Bellman – en antologi [Bellman – an anthology]. En bok för alla. ISBN 91-7448-742-6. (contains the most popular Epistles and Songs, in Swedish, with sheet music)
• Kleveland, Åse; Ehrén, Svenolov (illus.) (1984). Fredmans epistlar & sånger [The songs and epistles of Fredman]. Stockholm: Informationsförlaget. ISBN 91-7736-059-1. (with facsimiles of sheet music from first editions in 1790, 1791)
• Lönnroth, Lars (2005). Ljuva karneval! : om Carl Michael Bellmans diktning [Lovely Carnival! : about Carl Michael Bellman's Verse]. Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag. ISBN 978-91-0-057245-7. OCLC 61881374.
• Massengale, James Rhea (1979). The Musical-Poetic Method of Carl Michael Bellman. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. ISBN 91-554-0849-4.

External links

• Text of Epistle 81