Musa Anter (1920 – 20 September 1992), also known as "Apê Musa" (Kurdish: Apê Musa, literally "Uncle Musa"), was a Kurdish writer,[1][2] journalist and intellectual. Anter was assassinated by Turkish JITEM in September 1992.[3][4][5]
Early life and education
He was born in the Eskimağara (Zivingê) village in Mardin Province.[6] Originally named Şeyhmus Elmas after Sheikh Şeyhmus, and Elmas (Diamond in Turkish) was the surname given by the Turkish authorities, he later wanted to be called Musa Anter.[7] He was born into a respected family and after the death of his father, his mother became the Muhtar of the village who communicated with the tax collectors.[6] His birth date is not known; he was first registered as born in 1924, and then in 1920, but based on his mother's account, who said that Anter was born after the Armenian genocide, Anter assumed to have been born in either 1917 or 1918.[8] He completed his primary education in Mardin, and then studied at junior and senior high school in Adana. During his high school studies, the Dersim rebellion led by Seyid Riza was going on, which lead to some frictions with his Turkish classmates following which he was shortly detained.[6] By 1941, he left for Istanbul to study Law.[9] While studying, he was able to run a catering business for the mostly Kurdish students of the Dicle and Firat student halls.[9] During his time at the university, he had often been to Syria during his summer holidays and came into acquaintance with Kurdish nationalist intellectuals[10][11] such as Celadet and Kamuran Bedir Khan, Kadri and Ekrem Cemilpaşa, Dr. Nafiz, Nûredin Zaza, Nuri Dersimi, Qedrîcan, Osman Sabri, Haco Agha and his son Hasan, Emînê Perîxanê's son Şikriye Emîn, Mala Elyê Unus, Teufo Ciziri and Cigerxwîn.[12] In 1944, he married Ayşe Hanım,[13] the daughter of Abdurrahim Rahmi Zapsu [tr].[14] Ayse was a member of a noble Kurdish family and had studied in a German school in Istanbul.[9] At one moment, he even helped to organize an event for the German Ambassador to Turkey Franz von Papen.[9] Following his military service in the Turkish army, he settled in Diyarbakir, where he became a manager of a Hotel nearby the NATO military base.[9]
Professional career and Kurdish political activism
Anter actively promoted the use of the Kurdish language with his journalistic work, which caused him quite some turmoil during his lifetime.[15] During the 1950s, he established three media outlets: Şark Mecmuasi, (1951), Şark Postasi (1954) and İleri Yurt (1958).[16] Anter was arrested in 1959, after publishing the Kurdish-language poem Qimil in the newspaper İleri Yurt. His arrest provoked a wave of Kurdish protests, in the aftermath of which a trial against fifty Kurdish intellectuals began, known as the "Case of the 49 [de]".[17] He eventually served some time in prison but was soon released due to an amnesty.[13] In 1963, Musa Anter and 23 other intellectuals were arrested and sentenced to 3 years for allegedly having attempted to establish an independent Kurdish state.[13] He was released in 1964.[13] In the General elections of 1965 he was an independent candidate for Diyarbakir but was not elected.[18] In 1970, he was one of the charged in the trial of the Revolutionary Cultural Eastern Hearths (DDKO) members.[19] Three years after his release, he settled in Aksaru, a village in the Nusaybin district.[13] Following the coup d'etat in 1980, he was shortly jailed for "Kurdish propaganda" in Nusaybin.[13] In June 1990, he was one of the eighty-one founding members of the People's Labour Party (HEP).[20] He later supported the establishments of the Mesopotamian Cultural Center in 1991 and the Kurdish Institute in Istanbul in 1992.[13]
Death
Anter was shot on 20 September 1992 in an incident in which Orhan Miroğlu was also seriously injured.[21]Ümit Cizre claimed that Abdülkadir Aygan, a former member of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) who had surrendered in 1985,[22] who had been posteriorly recruited as part of the first staff of the JİTEM (the Turkish Gendarmerie's Intelligence and Counter-terrorism Service),[22] reported having been part of a JİTEM unit and, alongside a "Hamit" from Şırnak, had assassinated Musa Anter.[23] The former Major of the Turkish army Cem Ersever claimed that the murder was facilitated by Alaattin Kanat, a former PKK member who was shortly released during the time of the assassination.[21]
Özgür Politika and Zaman (now-defunct Gülen movement newspaper) claimed that the perpetrator was PKK defector Murat İpek, who had allegedly received orders from the Turkish state's contract killer Mahmut Yıldırım (alias "Yeşil"),[24] or Yeşil himself.[25] After long investigations, Turkish Gendarmerie Intelligence and Counter-Terrorism was found guilty of Anter's assassination by the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in 2006, which sentenced Turkey to a fine of 28,500 Euros.[5] A Diyarbakır court in 2013 allegedly charged four individuals with Anter's murder, including Mahmut Yıldırım (alias "Yeşil") and Abdülkadir Aygan.[26]
Musa Anter and Ayşe Hanım married in 1944.[13] His wife was a descendant of Bedir Khan Beg[30] and related to the AKP politician Cuneyd Zapsu.[13] He was the father of three children.[31]
^Ercilasun, Ahmet B. (21 July 2010). "Gaflet" [Heedlessness]. Yeniçağ [New Age] (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
^Yilmaz, Özcan (2015). La formation de la nation kurde en Turquie (in French). Graduate Institute Publications. p. 86. ISBN978-2-940503-17-9.
^Orhan, Mehmet (16 October 2015). Political Violence and Kurds in Turkey: Fragmentations, Mobilizations, Participations & Repertoires. Routledge. pp. 46–47. ISBN978-1-317-42044-6.
^Ünlü, Ferhat (25 August 2008). "Suikastların adresi hep JİTEM'e çıkıyor". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2015. Sonra da bildiğiniz gibi Şırnaklı Hamit infaz etti Anter'i. [Then, as you also know Şırnak Hamid Anter was executed.]
^"Susurluk". Ozgur Politika (in Turkish). 11 February 1997. Archived from the original on 14 February 1998. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
^Watts, Nicole F. (18 November 2010). Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey. University of Washington Press. p. 150. ISBN978-0-295-99050-7.
^Henning, Barbara (3 April 2018). Narratives of the History of the Ottoman-Kurdish Bedirhani Family in Imperial and Post-Imperial Contexts: Continuities and Changes. University of Bamberg Press. p. 122. ISBN978-3-86309-551-2.
