Munchkin

For other uses, see Munchkin (disambiguation).

The Munchkins
Oz books character
W. W. Denslow's depiction of Munchkins, from first edition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
First appearance	The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
Created by	L. Frank Baum

A Munchkin is a native of the fictional Munchkin Country in the Oz books by American author L. Frank Baum. They first appear in the classic children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) where they welcome Dorothy Gale to their city in Oz. The Munchkins are described as being the same height as Dorothy and they wear only shades of blue clothing, as blue is the Munchkins' favorite color. Blue is also the predominating color that officially represents the eastern quadrant in the Land of Oz. The Munchkins have appeared in various media, including the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, as well as in various other films and comedy acts.

Concept

While Baum may have written about it, there are no surviving notes for the composition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The lack of this information has resulted in speculation of the term origins he used in the book, which include the word Munchkin.^[1] Baum researcher Brian Attebery has hypothesized that there might be a connection to the Münchner Kindl, the emblem of the Bavarian city of Munich (spelled München in German).^[1] The symbol was originally a 13th-century statue of a monk, looking down from the town hall in Munich. Over the years, the image was reproduced many times, for instance as a figure on beer steins, and eventually evolved into a child wearing a pointed hood.^[2] Baum's family had German origins, suggesting that Baum could have seen one such reproduction in his childhood. It is also possible that Munchkin came from the German word Männchen, which means "mannikin" or "little figure". In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in attracting customers.^[3] Another possibility is a connection to Baron Munchausen.^{[original research?][citation needed]} This fictional character is based on a real baron who told outrageous tall tales based on his military career.^[1][4] Like the other Oz terms, the word Munchkin ends in a diminutive which in this case refers to the size of the natives.^[1]

Literature

Oz Books by Frank Baum

"she noticed coming down toward her a group of the queerest people she had ever seen. They were not as big as the grown folk she had always been used to; but neither were they very small. In fact, they seemed about as tall as Dorothy, who was a well-grown child for her age, although they were, so far as looks go, many years older."

– L. Frank Baum

The Munchkins are first mentioned (quote shown) in an excerpt from chapter two of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, titled "The Council with the Munchkins". Dorothy initially meets only three of them, along with the Good Witch of the North. The rest of the Munchkins then come out of hiding and are shown to be grateful towards Dorothy for killing their evil ruler the Wicked Witch of the East. Dorothy later eventually finds the yellow brick road and along the way attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq. Sometime in the book a background story is also given about a "Munchkin maiden" (named Nimmie Amee in later books), who was the former love interest of the Tin Woodman.^[5]

Baum also included the Munchkin characters in his later works as minor and major individual characters. The Munchkin Jinjur is the main antagonist in Baum's second book The Marvelous Land of Oz, where she seeks to overthrow the Scarecrow and take over the Emerald City. Jinjur makes a brief appearance in the next book, entitled Ozma of Oz, and is brought back in Baum's twelfth book, The Tin Woodman of Oz. By this time, she is shown to be a more prominent character who is helpful and friendly to Dorothy and her friends. Two other major Munchkin characters also appear in The Tin Woodman of Oz: Tommy Kwikstep and Nimmie Amee. The former appears in the story asking for a wish for running an errand for a witch; the latter is the name given to the mystery "Munchkin maiden" from the first book, who was the former lover of the Tin Woodman. More information is revealed that tells about the Tin Woodman's origin and their tragic love story.^[5] Lastly, the Munchkin Unc Nunkie appears in Baum's seventh book, The Patchwork Girl of Oz, where he is accidentally turned to stone. His Munchkin nephew Ojo successfully goes on a quest in search of an antidote while learning more about himself in the process.

Subsequent Oz books

L. Frank Baum died on 6 May 1919 after which other writers took up writing additional Oz stories. In some cases these books were written under Baum's name and included the Munchkins. There is at least one known Munchkin character that was created after Baum's death that appears as a major character. Zif is a Munchkin boy who appears in John R. Neill's first adaptation called The Royal Book of Oz. Zif is a student at the College of Art and Athletic Perfection; he is both respectful and resentful towards his teacher Wogglebog who considers Zif a "nobody or a nothing". The Munchkin characters that Baum had created in his lifetime also appear in these additional works.

Film and musicals

Early works (1902–1933)

While the 1939 film is the most well known adaptation (see section below), it was not the first outside work to show the Munchkins in film or musical format. One of the first musical adaptations of Baum's books took place in 1902; it was also dubbed The Wizard of Oz.^[6][7] The Munchkins make their appearance in act one, called "The Storm", in which they are shown dancing around their maypole, not noticing that Dorothy's house has fallen to earth killing the Wicked Witch of the East.^[8] The first film adaptation of Baum's works, titled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, was released in 1910, followed by three sequels. However, it was not until 1914 that Munchkin characters first appeared in film works. Ojo the Lucky and Unc Nunkie both appear in a film titled The Patchwork Girl of Oz (based on the book of the same name). This film stars American actress Violet MacMillan as Ojo and was produced by Baum.^[9]

1939 film

The Munchkins (specifically the "Lollipop Guild") as depicted in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. L–R: Jackie Gerlich, Jerry Maren, and Harry Doll.

The 1939 movie musical The Wizard of Oz was loosely based on Baum's novel. Notable differences of the Munchkins include their country name of Munchkinland and their clothes of many colors instead of an all-blue attire. In the musical, the Munchkins are portrayed by the thirty-odd members of the Singer Midgets, a European performing troupe made up of adult actors with dwarfism. Their numbers were swelled when a national talent search brought in a further ninety-four little men, women, and teenagers, with a few average-sized children were also included as background extras^[10] in order to make up the 124 characters requested by MGM.^[11]

In the musical, the Munchkins first appear when Dorothy and Toto arrive in the Land of Oz after her house lands on the Wicked Witch of the East. The Munchkins hide from all the commotion until Glinda the Good Witch arrives reassuring them that everything is okay. Dorothy tells them how she arrived in the Land of Oz (through a musical number) and the Munchkins celebrate. To make it official, a Barrister and a number of City Fathers insist to the Mayor of the Munchkin City that they must make sure that the Wicked Witch of the East is really dead before the celebration continues. The Coroner confirms this by saying that the witch is "not only merely dead" but is indeed "most sincerely dead" while showing a Certificate of Death. The Munchkins then celebrate further as Dorothy receives gifts from the "Lullaby League" and the "Lollipop Guild". Near the end of the song, the Wicked Witch of the West arrives, which causes the Munchkins to panic. After the Wicked Witch of the West leaves, Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City as the Munchkins guide her out of Munchkinland.

The Munchkin actors have since not avoided controversy with alleged behavior behind the scenes. In a 1967 interview, Judy Garland referred to all of the Munchkins as "little drunks" who got intoxicated every night to the point where they had to be picked up in "butterfly nets". These accusations were denied as fabrications by fellow Munchkin Margaret Pellegrini, who said only "a couple of kids from Germany even drank beer".^[12] On 20 November 2007, the Munchkins were given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Seven of the surviving Munchkin actors from the film were present. As a result of the popularity of the 1939 film, the word "munchkin" has entered the English language as a reference to small children, persons with dwarfism, or anything of diminutive stature.

Actors and actresses

The following is a list of actors who portrayed the Munchkins in the 1939 film. Most of the dwarfs hired were acquired for MGM by Leo Singer, the proprietor of Singer's Midgets.^[13] A Daily Variety news story from 17 August 1938, stated 124 dwarves had been signed to play Munchkins; modern sources place the number either at 122 or 124. An additional dozen or so child actors were hired to make up for the shortage of dwarves.^[10] At least one Munchkin actor, Dale Paullin (stage name Paul Dale), did not make the final cut for the movie.^[14] Only two actors (Joseph Koziel and Frank Cucksey) used their actual voices for the dialogue exchanged with Dorothy where she is given the flowers. The rest of the voices, such as the "Munchkin chorus", were created by Pinto Colvig and Billy Bletcher^[15] with their voices recorded at a slow speed, which were subsequently sped-up when played back.^[16]

In 1989, author Stephen Cox researched, found, and wrote about the surviving Munchkin actors fifty years after they made the film. He wrote about them in his book, The Munchkins Remember (1989, E.P. Dutton), which was later revised as The Munchkins of Oz (Cumberland House), and his book remained in print for nearly two decades. When he wrote the book, 33 of the actors with dwarfism who appeared in the film were still alive and were interviewed. Several of them outlived all the major cast, as well as the original Tin Man Buddy Ebsen. Jerry Maren, who played the green "Lollipop Guild" member, was the last living adult Munchkin actor. Maren was the only Munchkin alive when the film's longest living cast member, Shep Houghton, an extra, died in 2016.

Notes: Some of the information presented in the table below may never be complete as Social Security records remain sparse prior to the mid-twentieth century. Stage names and/or aliases are present in italics and quotation marks.

Actor	Born	Died	Part(s) played
Gladys W. Allison[17]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
John Ballas[18]	1903[19]	Un­known	Played a villager
Franz Balluch ("Mike")[17]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Josefine Balluch[20]	Un­known	1984[21]	Played a villager
John T. Bambury[18]	1891[22]	1960[22]	Played a soldier
Charlie Becker	1887[23]	1968[23][24]	Played "The Mayor of Munchkinland".[23][24]
Freda Betsky[17][25]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Henry Boers	1896[26]	Un­known	Played a villager
Theodore Boers	1894[26]	1945[27]	Played a villager
Christie Buresh	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Eddie Buresh	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Lida Buresh[18]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Mickey Carroll	1919[28]	2009[28]	Played a fiddler, a town crier, and a soldier
Casper "Colonel" Balsam[18]	1904[29]	1968[29]	Played a villager
Nona A. Cooper[17]	1875[30]	1953[30]	Played a villager
Thomas J. Cottonaro[17]	1914[31]	2001[31]	Played a villager
Elizabeth Coulter[18]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Lewis Croft	1919[32]	2008[32]	Played a soldier[32]
Frank Cucksey	1919[33]	1984[34]	Played a villager who gives Dorothy flowers[a]
Billy Curtis	1909[35]	1988[35]	Played the Braggart[b]
Eugene S. David Jr.	1915	1984	Played a fiddler[36]
Eulie H. David	1921[37]	1972[37]	Played a soldier[36]
Ethel W. Denis[18]	1894[38]	1968[39]	Played a villager
Prince Denis[40]	1900[39]	1984[39]	Played the Sergeant-at-Arms[c]
Hazel I. Derthick	1906[41]	1989	Played a villager
Daisy Earles	1907	1980[42]	Played a "munchkin maiden"[42]
Gracie Doll Earles	1899[43]	1970[42]	Played a "munchkin maiden"[42]
Harry Doll Earles	1902	1985[42]	Blue member of The Lollipop Guild[42][44]
Tiny Doll Earles	1914[42]	2004[42]	Played a "munchkin maiden"[42]
Major Doyle ("James D. Doyle")[18]	1869[45]	1940[45]	Played a villager
Ruth Robinson Duccini	1918[46]	2014[46]	Played a villager
Carl M. Erickson[18]	1917[47]	1958[47]	Played the 2nd Trumpeter
Fern Formica	1925[48]	Un­known	Played a villager and a "sleepyhead"
Addie Eva Frank[49]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Thaisa L. Gardner[18]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Jakob "Jackie" Gerlich	1925[d]	1960[50]	Red member of The Lollipop Guild
William A. Giblin	1916[51]	1985[51]	Played a soldier[51]
Jack S. Glicken	1900[52]	1950[52]	Played a city father
Carolyn E. Granger[18]	1915[53]	1973[53]	Played a villager
Joseph Herbst[18]	1908[37]	Disputed[e]	Played a soldier
Jakob Hofbauer	1898[55]	Un­known[f]	Played a soldier[55]
Clarence C. Howerton ("Major Mite")	1913[56]	1975[57]	Played the 3rd Trumpeter[56]
Helen M. Hoy[18]	1898[58]	1945[58]	Played a villager
Marguerite A. Hoy[18]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
James R. Hulse IV[18]	1915[40]	1964[40][59]	Played a villager
Robert Kanter ("Little Lord Robert")[17]	1886[g]	Un­known	Played a soldier
Charles E. Kelley[17]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a soldier
Jessie E. Kelley ("Jessie Becker")[18]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Frank Kikel[18]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Bernard Klima ("Harry")	1897[33]	1957[33][61]	Played a villager
Mitzi Koestner[18]	1894[62]	1975[62]	Played a villager
Emma Koestner[18]	1900[62]	1984[62]	Played a villager
Willi Koestner[18]	1908[62]	1974[62]	Played a soldier[63]
Adam Edwin Kozicki ("Eddie Adams")[18]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a fiddler[64]
Joseph J. Koziel[18]	1919[65]	1967[65]	Played a villager who gives Dorothy flowers[a]
Dolly F. Kramer[18]	1904[26]	1995[26]	Played a villager
Emil Kranzler[18]	1910[66]	1993[66][67]	Played a villager
Nita Krebs	1905[33]	1991[33][68]	Member of The Lullaby League and a villager[68]
Jeane LaBarbera ("Little Jean")	1909[69]	1993[69]	Played a villager
Hilda Lange[18]	1911[66]	1975[66]	Played a villager
John Leal ("Johnny")[18]	1905[70]	1996[70]	Played a villager
Ann Rice Leslie[18]	1900[71]	1973[71]	Played a villager
Charles Ludwig[18]	1889[72]	1941[73]	Played a villager
Dominick Magro[74]	1909[75]	1959[75]	Played a villager
Carlos Manzo[18]	1915[76]	1955[76]	Played a villager
Howard Marco[18]	1884[77]	Un­known	Played a villager
Jerry Maren	1920[78]	2018[79]	Green member of The Lollipop Guild
Bela Matina ("Mike Rogers")[17][80]	1902[81]	1954[82]	Played a villager
Lajos Matina ("Leo")[17]	1893[81]	1975[81]	Played a villager
Matyus Matina ("Ike Rogers")[17][80]	1902[81]	1965[81]	Played a villager
Walter M. B. Miller[18]	1906[21]	1987[21]	Played a soldier and a flying monkey[21]
George Ministeri[18]	1906[83]	1986[83]	Played the coachman and a villager[83]
Harry Monty	1904[84]	1999[85]	Played a villager and a flying monkey[85]
Yvonne Bistany Moray[17]	Un­known	Un­known[h]	Member of The Lullaby League and a villager[21]
Johnny Maroldo ("Johnny Winters")	1905[86]	1985[86]	Played the Commander of the Navy[86]
Marie Bernadet Maroldo ("Marie Winters")	1901[86]	1979[86]	Played a villager[86]
Olga C. Nardone	1921[87]	2010[87]	Member of The Lullaby League, and a sleepyhead.[87]
Nels P. Nelson[18][88][i]	1918[89]	1994[89]	Played a villager
Margaret C. Nickloy ("Princess Marguerite")	1902[90]	1961[90]	Played a villager
Franklin H. O'Baugh	1922[91][92]	1963[92]	Played a soldier[92]
William H. O'Docharty[18]	1920[83]	1988[83]	Played the coach footman and a villager[83]
Hildred C. Olson[18]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Frank Packard[18]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Nicholas Page ("Nicky")	1904[21]	1978[21]	Played a soldier and a city father[10][21]
Leona Megest Parks ("Duchess Leona")	1897[26]	Un­known	Played a villager
Margaret Williams Pellegrini	1923[48][93]	2013[93]	Played a "sleepyhead" and the "flower pot munchkin".[93]
Johnny Pizo[18]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Leon Polinsky ("Prince Leon")[18][94]	1918[95]	1955[95]	Played a villager
Lillian Porter[96]	1917[97]	1997[97]	Played a villager
Meinhardt Raabe	1915[98]	2010[98]	Played the coroner[j]
Margaret Raia	1928[k]	2003[100]	Played a villager[100]
Matthew Raia	Un­known	Un­known	Played a city father[100]
Friedrich Retter ("Freddie")[18]	1899[101]	Un­known	Played a fiddler and villager
Billy Rhodes ("Little Billy")[102][103]	1895	1967	Played the barrister
Gertrude H. Rice[18]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Hazel Rice[18]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Sandor Roka[18][104]	1896[105]	1954[105]	Played a villager
Jimmie Rosen	1892[106]	1973[106]	Played a villager
Charles F. "Wojnarski" Royal[18]	1900[107]	1947[107]	Played a soldier
Helen J. "Wojnarski" Royal[18]	1897[107]	1958[107]	Played a villager
Stella A. "Wojnarski" Royal	1903[107]	1959[107]	Played a villager
Albert Ruddinger[18]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Elsie R. Schultz[18]	1892[21]	1987	Played a villager
Charles Silvern[18]	1902	1976[108]	Played a villager
Garland Slatton ("Earl")	1917[26]	1995[26]	Played a soldier
Karl Slover[109]	1918[110]	2011[110]	Played the lead trumpeter, a soldier, and a villager[110]
Ruth E. Smith[18]	Un­known	1985[14]	Played a villager
Elmer Spangler[18]	1910[111]	1992	Played a villager
Pernell St. Aubin	1922[33]	1987[33][112]	Played a soldier[33]
Carl Stephan[18]	1901	1959	Played a villager
Alta M. Stevens[18]	1913	1989	Played a villager[113]
George Suchsie[18]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Charlotte V. Sullivan[18]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Clarence Swensen	1917[114]	2009[115]	Played a soldier[116]
Betty Tanner[117]	1916	1994[118]	Played a villager
Arnold Vierling	1919[119]	1949[119]	Played a villager
Gus Wayne	1920[120]	1998[120]	Played a soldier[120]
Victor Wetter	1902[121][122]	1990[121][122]	Played the Captain of the Army[10][121][122]
Grace G. Williams[18]	Un­known	Un­known	Played a villager
Harvey B. Williams[18][123]	1905	1968	Played a soldier
Gladys V. Wolff[18]	1911[40]	1984[40]	Played a villager
Murray Wood[18]	1908[124]	1999[124]	Played a city father

Child actresses

About a dozen children of average height were hired so they could be used for background fill. Sources differ on the number of children used for these roles ranging anywhere from 10 to 12.^[125] The names used for the women are maiden names with known aliases present in italics and quotation marks.

As of 2023^[update], at least three "child munchkins" are known to be living.

Actor	Born	Died	Part(s) played	Source
Betty Ann Cain ("Bruno")	1931	2023	Munchkin hatchling	[126][127][128][129][130][131]
Priscilla Ann Montgomery Clark	1929	Living	Munchkin Child	[127][128][132]
Donna Jean Johnson ("Stewart Hardaway")	1933	2008	Background fill	[133][134]
Joan Kenmore	1931	2022	Background fill	[126][127][128][125][135]
Eva Lee Kuney	1934	2015	Background fill	[17][136][137]
Rae-Nell Laskey ("Alsbury")	1930	1991	unknown	[138][139]
Elaine Mirk ("Merk")	1930	Living	Background fill	[125][128][140]
Valerie Lee Shepard[l]	1931	Living	Background fill	[10][125][128][141]
Ardith Dondanville ("Mae") Todd	1930	2022	Background fill	[126][127][128][142]
Shirley Ann Kennedy ("Vegors")	1932	2005	Background fill	[143][144]
Viola White ("Banks")	1931	2000	Background fill	[10]

Later works (1940–1989)

The 1939 film was adapted into a musical that was released in 1942 that includes the Munchkin characters. The events that take place mirror the film including the song "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead".^[145] Twenty-seven years later an animated film called The Wonderful Land of Oz was made featuring Jinjur as a main antagonist.

Other works

See also: Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz

• The Munchkins appeared in The Wiz and were played by children and teenagers. (1978)
• The Munchkins appear at the end of Return to Oz. They are seen celebrating Dorothy's return after defeating the Nome King and are present at Princess Ozma's coronation. Tommy Kwikstep was also seen there. (1985)
• In The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, the Munchkins were played by Rizzo the Rat (who portrayed the "Mayor of Munchkinland") and his fellow rats. (2005)
• In Strawberry Shortcake, more specifically the 2003 cartoon, the fourth season contains an episode called Berry Brick Road that involves a story where Strawberry Shortcake gets whisked from her home. When she lands, she is greeted by three Munchkins that call themselves the Berrykins (after a feylike being from the 1980s cartoon), were tormented by the Wicked Witch of the West, thank Strawberry Shortcake for knocking out the Wicked Witch of the West (which she only did by landing nearby) and pressure her into stealing the latter's magic slippers (which she later uses to return to her home) as a reward. She later returns to Oz to teach the trio a lesson about caring for the environment. The Berrykins do not sing as much as their people had in the original version, and they and the other Munchkins look very small; however, the Berrykins specifically look just like Blueberry Muffin, Rainbow Sherbet, and Lemon Meringue. (2007)
• The Munchkins appeared in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz. The Munchkins were first seen in the battle against the Wicked Witch of the West's forces in Oz. They were later brought to Earth by Glinda in order to combat the forces of the Wicked Witch of the West. (2012)
• The Munchkins appear in Oz the Great and Powerful. They alongside the Quadlings and the Tinkers as inhabitants of Glinda's protectorate. Although the film is not otherwise a musical, the Munchkins sing and dance much as they do in the 1939 film. (2013)
• The Munchkins appear in more than one skit on Mad TV where the 1939 film is parodied. The actors are played by people with dwarfism.
• The Munchkins appear in the television series Once Upon a Time. Not much is known about them, but they seem to be similar to the Dwarves in the Enchanted forest as Zelena originally thought that Sneezy was a Munchkin. Also, Regina Mills once mistakenly referred to the Seven Dwarfs as Munchkins.
• The Munchkins appear in Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz with the "Mayor of Munchkinland" voiced by Bill Fagerbakke and the background Munchkins voiced by Steven Blum and Jessica DiCicco. Ojo, Dr. Pipt, the Lollipop Guild, and the Lullaby League are also featured. Also, Smith & Tinker are depicted as Munchkins in this show.

Explanatory notes

1. Frank Cucksey, and Joseph Koziel were the only two munchkins whose real voices were used. Their dialogue is as follows: "We thank you very sweetly, for doing it so neatly" (Joseph), "You've killed her so completely, that we thank you very sweetly" (Frank).^[16]
2. The "Braggart" can be heard saying: "and ohhhh what happened then was rich".
3. It was falsely reported in 1984 that Prince Denis played the role of the Munchkin Mayor.^[21]
4. Although often disputed as 1917 or 1925, Gerlich was born Leo Fuks in 1925, but used the passport of his older brother, Jakob Gerlich (born 1917) in order to emigrate to the U.S. at age thirteen; he continued using his older brother's name post-Oz.
5. According to Stephen Cox, Herbst was born in Birkfeld Austria on April 19, 1908 and died on July 6, 1993 in Joliet, Illinois.^[37] However this contradicts claims made by Joseph Herbst's cousin who claimed he died in 1989 and was in his "late 80s" in 1988.^[54]
6. According to Stephen Cox it is unknown what became of Jakob Hofbauer; he is rumored to have died in the late 1950s.^[55]
7. There is a source that mentions Robert Kanter aka "Little Lord Robert" signing a postcard in 1908 when he was 22 years old. This means he was born in 1886 at the latest.^[60]
8. According to friends, Yvonne died sometime in the 1970s.^[21]
9. Nels was interviewed in the 1993 documentary "We're off to see the munchkins".^[88]
10. Raabe certifies the death of the Wicked Witch of the East.^[98]
11. During production, MGM officials discovered that Raia was underage (child actresses were hired for background fill). She was subsequently expelled from the set halfway through filming.^[99]
12. Also known as "Lois Valerie Shepard".^[141]

References

Citations

1. Lyman Frank Baum; Martin Gardner (2000). The Annotated Wizard of Oz: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 39. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
2. Corinna Erhard: Das Münchner Kindl auf dem Rathaus – wer stand Modell? In: Corinna Erhard: München in 50 Antworten. München-Verlag, München 2011, ISBN 978-3-937090-57-3, S. 16.
3. Emily and Per Ola d'Aulaire, "Mannequins: our fantasy figures of high fashion," Smithsonian, Vol. 22, no. 1, April 1991
4. Fisher, Jill A. (Spring 2006). "Investigating the Barons: narrative and nomenclature in Munchausen syndrome". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 49 (2): 250–62. doi:10.1353/pbm.2006.0024. PMID 16702708. S2CID 12418075.
5. Jack Snow, Who's Who in Oz, Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1954; New York, Peter Bedrick Books, 1988; p. 144.
6. Fricke, Stillman, Scarfone. The Wizard of Oz: The 50th Anniversary Pictorial History
7. "Chicago Theater Collection – Historic Programs: Grand Opera House, Wizard of Oz". 27 July 1902. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
8. Mark Evan Swartz (2002). Oz Before the Rainbow. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-7092-7. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
9. Matthew Freeman (3 November 2016). Historicising Transmedia Storytelling: Early Twentieth-Century Transmedia Story Worlds. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-315-43950-1.
10. "Wizard of Oz Notes". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
11. Yours Retro magazine; Summer 2024; Issue No. 78; page 40
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Works cited

• Cox, Stephen (2002). The Munchkins of Oz. Cumberland House Publishing. ISBN 1-58182-269-3.
• Cox, Stephen (1989). The Munchkins Remember: "The Wizard of Oz" and Beyond. E.P. Dutton. ISBN 978-0-525-48486-8.

External links

• The dictionary definition of munchkin at Wiktionary