Morison equation

Flow forces according to the Morison equation for a body placed in a harmonic flow, as a function of time. Blue line: drag force; red line: inertia force; black line: total force according to the Morison equation. Note that the inertia force is in front of the phase of the drag force: the flow velocity is a sine wave, while the local acceleration is a cosine wave as a function of time.

In fluid dynamics the Morison equation is a semi-empirical equation for the inline force on a body in oscillatory flow. It is sometimes called the MOJS equation after all four authors—Morison, O'Brien, Johnson and Schaaf—of the 1950 paper in which the equation was introduced.^[1] The Morison equation is used to estimate the wave loads in the design of oil platforms and other offshore structures.^[2][3]

Description

Wave loading on the steel jacket structure of a Production Utilities Quarters Compression (PUQC) platform in the Rong Doi oil field, offshore Vietnam (see Oil megaprojects (2010)).

The Morison equation is the sum of two force components: an inertia force in phase with the local flow acceleration and a drag force proportional to the (signed) square of the instantaneous flow velocity. The inertia force is of the functional form as found in potential flow theory, while the drag force has the form as found for a body placed in a steady flow. In the heuristic approach of Morison, O'Brien, Johnson and Schaaf these two force components, inertia and drag, are simply added to describe the inline force in an oscillatory flow. The transverse force—perpendicular to the flow direction, due to vortex shedding—has to be addressed separately.

The Morison equation contains two empirical hydrodynamic coefficients—an inertia coefficient and a drag coefficient—which are determined from experimental data. As shown by dimensional analysis and in experiments by Sarpkaya, these coefficients depend in general on the Keulegan–Carpenter number, Reynolds number and surface roughness.^[4][5]

The descriptions given below of the Morison equation are for uni-directional onflow conditions as well as body motion.

Fixed body in an oscillatory flow

In an oscillatory flow with flow velocity ${\displaystyle u(t)}$, the Morison equation gives the inline force parallel to the flow direction:^[6]

${\displaystyle F\,=\,\underbrace {\rho \,C_{m}\,V\,{\dot {u}}} _{F_{I}}+\underbrace {{\frac {1}{2}}\,\rho \,C_{d}\,A\,u\,|u|} _{F_{D}},}$

where

• ${\displaystyle F(t)}$ is the total inline force on the object,
• ${\displaystyle {\dot {u}}\equiv {\text{d}}u/{\text{d}}t}$ is the flow acceleration, i.e. the time derivative of the flow velocity ${\displaystyle u(t),}$
• the inertia force ${\displaystyle F_{I}\,=\,\rho \,C_{m}\,V\,{\dot {u}}}$, is the sum of the Froude–Krylov force ${\displaystyle \rho \,V\,{\dot {u}}}$ and the hydrodynamic mass force ${\displaystyle \rho \,C_{a}\,V\,{\dot {u}},}$
• the drag force ${\displaystyle F_{D}\,=\,{\scriptstyle {\frac {1}{2}}}\,\rho \,C_{d}\,A\,u\,|u|}$ according to the drag equation,
• ${\displaystyle C_{m}=1+C_{a}}$ is the inertia coefficient, and ${\displaystyle C_{a}}$ the added mass coefficient,
• A is a reference area, e.g. the cross-sectional area of the body perpendicular to the flow direction,
• V is volume of the body.

For instance for a circular cylinder of diameter D in oscillatory flow, the reference area per unit cylinder length is ${\displaystyle A=D}$ and the cylinder volume per unit cylinder length is ${\displaystyle V={\scriptstyle {\frac {1}{4}}}\pi {D^{2}}}$. As a result, ${\displaystyle F(t)}$ is the total force per unit cylinder length:

${\displaystyle F\,=\,C_{m}\,\rho \,{\frac {\pi }{4}}D^{2}\,{\dot {u}}\,+\,C_{d}\,{\frac {1}{2}}\,\rho \,D\,u\,|u|.}$

Besides the inline force, there are also oscillatory lift forces perpendicular to the flow direction, due to vortex shedding. These are not covered by the Morison equation, which is only for the inline forces.

Moving body in an oscillatory flow

In case the body moves as well, with velocity ${\displaystyle v(t)}$, the Morison equation becomes:^[6]

${\displaystyle F=\underbrace {\rho \,V{\dot {u}}} _{a}+\underbrace {\rho \,C_{a}V\left({\dot {u}}-{\dot {v}}\right)} _{b}+\underbrace {{\frac {1}{2}}\rho \,C_{d}A\left(u-v\right)\left|u-v\right|} _{c}.}$

where the total force contributions are:

• a: Froude–Krylov force, due to the pressure gradient at the body's location induced by the fluid acceleration ${\displaystyle {\dot {u}}}$,
• b: hydrodynamic mass force,
• c: drag force.

Note that the added mass coefficient ${\displaystyle C_{a}}$ is related to the inertia coefficient ${\displaystyle C_{m}}$ as ${\displaystyle C_{m}=1+C_{a}}$.

Limitations

• The Morison equation is a heuristic formulation of the force fluctuations in an oscillatory flow. The first assumption is that the flow acceleration is more-or-less uniform at the location of the body. For instance, for a vertical cylinder in surface gravity waves this requires that the diameter of the cylinder is much smaller than the wavelength. If the diameter of the body is not small compared to the wavelength, diffraction effects have to be taken into account.^[7]
• Second, it is assumed that the asymptotic forms: the inertia and drag force contributions, valid for very small and very large Keulegan–Carpenter numbers respectively, can just be added to describe the force fluctuations at intermediate Keulegan–Carpenter numbers. However, from experiments it is found that in this intermediate regime—where both drag and inertia are giving significant contributions—the Morison equation is not capable of describing the force history very well. Although the inertia and drag coefficients can be tuned to give the correct extreme values of the force.^[8]
• Third, when extended to orbital flow which is a case of non uni-directional flow, for instance encountered by a horizontal cylinder under waves, the Morison equation does not give a good representation of the forces as a function of time.^[9]

References

1. Sarpkaya, T. (1986), "Force on a circular cylinder in viscous oscillatory flow at low Keulegan–Carpenter numbers" (PDF), Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 165: 61–71, Bibcode:1986JFM...165...61S, doi:10.1017/S0022112086002999 (inactive 29 November 2024), hdl:10945/62176, S2CID 122046406
2. Gudmestad, Ove T.; Moe, Geir (1996), "Hydrodynamic coefficients for calculation of hydrodynamic loads on offshore truss structures", Marine Structures, 9 (8): 745–758, Bibcode:1996MaStr...9..745G, doi:10.1016/0951-8339(95)00023-2
3. "Guidelines on design and operation of wave energy converters" (PDF). Det Norske Veritas. May 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
4. Sarpkaya, T. (1976), "Vortex shedding and resistance in harmonic flow about smooth and rough circular cylinders", Proceedings of the International Conference on the Behavior of Offshore Structures, BOSS '76, vol. 1, pp. 220–235
5. Sarpkaya, T. (1977), Vortex shedding and resistance in harmonic flow about smooth and rough cylinders at high Reynolds numbers, Monterey: Naval Postgraduate School, Report No. NPS-59SL76021
6. Sumer & Fredsøe (2006), p. 131.
7. Patel, M.H.; Witz, J.A. (2013), Compliant Offshore Structures, Elsevier, pp. 80–83, ISBN 9781483163321
8. Sarpkaya (2010, pp. 95–98)
9. Chaplin, J. R. (1984), "Nonlinear forces on a horizontal cylinder beneath waves", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 147: 449–464, Bibcode:1984JFM...147..449C, doi:10.1017/S0022112084002160 (inactive 29 November 2024), S2CID 122421362

Further reading

• Morison, J. R.; O'Brien, M. P.; Johnson, J. W.; Schaaf, S. A. (1950), "The force exerted by surface waves on piles", Petroleum Transactions, 189 (5), American Institute of Mining Engineers: 149–154, doi:10.2118/950149-G
• Sarpkaya, T. (2010), Wave Forces on Offshore Structures, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521896252
• Sarpkaya, T.; Isaacson, M. (1981), Mechanics of wave forces on offshore structures, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, ISBN 0-442-25402-4
• Sumer, B. M.; Fredsøe, J. (2006), Hydrodynamics around cylindrical structures, Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering, vol. 26 (revised ed.), World Scientific, ISBN 981-270-039-0, 530 pages