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Major General
Mohammed Zaman Kiani
Major General Mohammed Zaman Kiani
	Kiani in the 1940s
Minister of Information of Pakistan
President	Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
Personal details
Born	1 October 1910; Shakarparian, Rawalpindi District, British India (Now Islamabad, Pakistan)
Died	4 June 1981 (aged 70)
Alma mater	Indian Military Academy
Military service
Allegiance	British Raj (1931-1942) ; Free India (1942-1945); Pakistan (1947-1981)
Branch/service	British Indian Army; Indian National Army ; Pakistan Army
Rank	Major General
Battles/wars	World War II Battle of Malaya; Burma Campaign; ; Indo-Pakistani War of 1947;

Mohammed Zaman Kiani (Urdu: محمد زمان کیانی; c. 1 October 1910 – 4 June 1981) was an officer of the British Indian Army who later joined the Indian National Army (INA), led by Subhas Chandra Bose, and commanded its 1st Division.

After Indian independence, Kiani opted for Pakistan. He commanded the Kashmir rebels in the First Kashmir War, served as a political agent of Gilgit Agency, a Major General of the Pakistan Army and later as the Minister of Information in Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's government. His contributions to the Azad Hind Fauj were later acknowledged and he was awarded the Netaji Medal posthumously by the Indian Government.

Early life

Mohammad Zaman Kiani was born in the village of Tyal, near Bara Kahu in the Rawalpindi District, now part of Islamabad, Pakistan.^[1]

A keen hockey player in his youth, Kiani joined the British Indian Army in 1931 at the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun. He won the Sword of Honour & Gold Medal for the most outstanding Cadet in 1935 from the Indian Military Academy, and was commissioned in the 1st Battalion 14th Punjab Regiment as a Second Lieutenant.

Second World War and the Azad Hind

In March 1941 the 1st Battalion 14th Punjab Regiment was sent to Malaya and he fought in the Battle of Malaya during World War II and was taken prisoner of war. He later joined the First Indian National Army (INA), when it was formed in 1942 under the command of Mohan Singh. After this army collapsed due to disagreements with the Japanese, the Indian Independence League placed Kiani as Army Commander of the remains, with Jaganath Rao Bhonsle as Director of the Military Bureau.^[2]

After the arrival of Subhas Chandra Bose in 1943 and the revival of the Indian National Army (INA), as well as the proclamation of the Free India government, Kiani was appointed the commander of the first division, which he led during the invasion of India in 1944.^[3]^[4]^[5] At the time of the fall of Rangoon, Kiani led the personnel of the Indian National Army and the Azad Hind Government who, along with Bose, marched to Bangkok.^[4] After Bose flew to Tokyo in August 1945, Kiani surrendered to the British 5th Division at Singapore on 25 August 1945 as the commander of the INA, along with the rest of his troops.^[6] He was repatriated to India and interned until 1946, before being cashiered and discharged from the British Indian Army.^[7]

Poonch Rebellion

Following the Partition of India, Kiani returned to Rawalpindi after the independence of Pakistan from British rule in 1947.

In September 1947, the Pakistani prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan and the Punjabi minister Shaukat Hayat Khan put him in charge of the southern wing of the Pakistan's effort to overthrow the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. General Kiani established a General Headquarters, GHQ Azad, based in Gujrat City. From here, Kiani's forces organised raiding operations on Kashmir border and directed the Kashmiri rebels in Poonch, eventually leading to the formation of Azad Kashmir. Brigadier Habibur Rehman served as his chief of staff.

Later life

Kiani was later appointed the political agent of the Government of Pakistan at Gilgit.^[7] He wrote his memoirs while in retirement in Rawalpindi. They were published after his death:

Kiani, M. Z. (1994), India's Freedom Struggle and The Great INA - Memoirs of Maj Gen Mohammad Zaman Kiani Foreword by Sisir Kumar Bose., Reliance Publishing House, New Delhi, ISBN 81-85972-04-4

References

^ Nawaz, Crossed Swords (2008), p. 25, note 49.
^ Shah Nawaz Khan (1946). My Memories of I.N.A. & Its Netaji. Rajkamal Publications. pp. 60–62.
^ Shah Nawaz Khan (1946). My Memories of I.N.A. & Its Netaji. Rajkamal Publications. pp. 247–248.
^ ^a ^b Bose 2006, p. 141
^ Mercado 2002, p. 78
^ Bose 2006, p. 143.
^ ^a ^b Bose 2006, p. 144.

Sources

Bose, Sugata (2006), A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-02857-9
Bose, Sugata (2011), His Majesty's Opponent, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-04754-9
Mercado, Stephen C. (2002), The Shadow Warriors of Nakano: A History of the Imperial Japanese Army's elite intelligence school., Brassey's., ISBN 1-57488-538-3
Nawaz, Shuja (2008), Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-547660-6
Saraf, Muhammad Yusuf (2015) [first published 1979 by Ferozsons], Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2, Mirpur: National Institute Kashmir Studies – via archive.org