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Miyako

宮古市
Miyako 宮古市
City
	Earthquake Memorial Park Miyako downtown Miyako skyline
	Flag Seal
	Location of Miyako in Iwate Prefecture
	Miyako
	Coordinates: 39°38′29.1″N 141°57′25.7″E / 39.641417°N 141.957139°E
Country	Japan
Region	Tōhoku
Prefecture	Iwate
Government
• -Mayor	Masanori Yamamoto (since 2009)
Area
• Total	1,259.15 km2 (486.16 sq mi)
Population (April 1, 2020)
• Total	51,150
• Density	41/km2 (110/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+09:00 (Japan Standard Time)
City symbols
- Tree	Japanese red pine
- Flower	Montauk daisy (Nipponanthemum nipponicum)
- Bird	Black-tailed gull
- Fish	Chum salmon
Phone number	0193-62-2111
Address	2-1 Shinkawachō, Miyako-shi, Iwate-ken 027-8501
Website	Official website

Miyako (宮古市, Miyako-shi) is a city located in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 April 2020^[update], the city had an estimated population of 51,150, and a population density of 41 persons per km². The total area of the city is 1,259.15 square kilometers (486.16 sq mi).^[1]

Geography

Miyako is located in central Iwate Prefecture, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the east, with the main urban area fronting on Miyako Bay. It is located at the northern end of the rias coastal area of the Sanriku Coast, east of the prefectural capital of Morioka. The city area is the largest in Iwate Prefecture and the second largest in the Tōhoku region (after Tsuruoka, Yamagata). However, around 90% of the city area is covered by mountains and forest, so the habitable area is only about 9% of the total area, and therefore although the population density per total area is low, but the population density per habitable area exceeds the prefecture average. Miyako is connected to Morioka by an east–west train line and highway and the coastal highway also goes through the town. The city has a small port but much of the shipping traffic is taken by larger cities along the coast. Parts of the coastal area of the city are within the borders of the Sanriku Fukkō National Park, and part of the mountainous interior is within Hayachine Quasi-National Park. The easternmost point of Honshu island is at Cape Todo (魹ヶ崎, Todogasaki) in Miyako. ^{[citation needed]}

Neighboring municipalities

Iwate Prefecture

Climate

Miyako straddles between a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) and an oceanic climate (Cfb), characterized by mild summers and cold winters. The average annual temperature in Miyako is 10.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1282 mm with September as the wettest month and February as the driest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 22.1 °C, and lowest in January, at around 0.5 °C.^[2]

Climate data for Miyako, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	18.9 (66.0)	21.3 (70.3)	24.2 (75.6)	32.1 (89.8)	32.9 (91.2)	35.9 (96.6)	37.4 (99.3)	37.2 (99.0)	34.6 (94.3)	30.0 (86.0)	26.9 (80.4)	23.2 (73.8)	37.4 (99.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	5.2 (41.4)	5.6 (42.1)	9.1 (48.4)	14.6 (58.3)	18.9 (66.0)	21.0 (69.8)	24.4 (75.9)	26.3 (79.3)	23.5 (74.3)	18.8 (65.8)	13.5 (56.3)	7.7 (45.9)	15.7 (60.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)	0.5 (32.9)	0.8 (33.4)	3.9 (39.0)	8.9 (48.0)	13.5 (56.3)	16.5 (61.7)	20.3 (68.5)	22.1 (71.8)	19.1 (66.4)	13.6 (56.5)	8.1 (46.6)	2.9 (37.2)	10.8 (51.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−3.5 (25.7)	−3.5 (25.7)	−0.8 (30.6)	3.9 (39.0)	9.0 (48.2)	13.1 (55.6)	17.4 (63.3)	19.2 (66.6)	15.6 (60.1)	9.2 (48.6)	3.0 (37.4)	−1.4 (29.5)	6.8 (44.2)
Record low °C (°F)	−17.3 (0.9)	−15.1 (4.8)	−14.6 (5.7)	−7.3 (18.9)	−1.5 (29.3)	1.6 (34.9)	4.9 (40.8)	9.6 (49.3)	3.7 (38.7)	−2.9 (26.8)	−7.0 (19.4)	−13.4 (7.9)	−17.3 (0.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	63.4 (2.50)	54.7 (2.15)	87.5 (3.44)	91.9 (3.62)	98.1 (3.86)	123.4 (4.86)	157.5 (6.20)	177.9 (7.00)	216.4 (8.52)	166.1 (6.54)	62.8 (2.47)	67.6 (2.66)	1,370.9 (53.97)
Average snowfall cm (inches)	20 (7.9)	33 (13)	28 (11)	2 (0.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	9 (3.5)	91 (36)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm)	5.4	6.0	8.2	9.2	10.6	11.1	13.6	12.4	12.1	9.0	6.4	5.5	109.4
Average relative humidity (%)	60	62	63	66	74	84	88	87	85	78	69	63	73
Mean monthly sunshine hours	158.4	153.2	179.7	186.6	185.0	152.6	133.9	153.2	133.8	149.6	146.8	147.6	1,876.2
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency^[3]^[4]

Demographics

Per Japanese census data,^[5] the population of Miyako peaked in around the year 1960 and has declined steadily over the past 60 years.

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1920	44,635	—
1930	53,366	+19.6%
1940	70,318	+31.8%
1950	55,744	−20.7%
1960	81,093	+45.5%
1970	79,805	−1.6%
1980	78,617	−1.5%
1990	72,538	−7.7%
2000	66,986	−7.7%
2010	59,442	−11.3%
2020	50,369	−15.3%

History

The area of present-day Miyako was part of ancient Mutsu Province, and has been settled since at least the Jōmon period. The area was inhabited by the Emishi people, and came under the control of the imperial dynasty during the early Heian period with the construction a fortified settlement on the coast. During the Muromachi period, the area came under the control of the Nambu clan, and was the main seaport for Morioka Domain during the Edo period under the Tokugawa shogunate. ^{[citation needed]}

On 27 January 1700, the coast of Miyako was hit by a 3-meter-tall (9.8 ft) tsunami that was a product of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake, destroying 20 homes. The record from Miyako helped provide an exact date for the earthquake.^[6]

During the Boshin War of the Meiji restoration, the Battle of Miyako Bay was one of the major naval engagements of the war.

Under the Meiji period establishment of the modern municipalities system, the towns of Miyako and Kuwagasaki were established within Higashihei District. The area was devastated by a 18.9-meter-tall (62 ft) tsunami in 1896, which killed 1,859 inhabitants. Higashihei District became part of Shimohei District on 1 April 1897. Miyako and Kuwagasaki merged on 1 April 1924. On 3 March 1933, much of the town was destroyed by the 1933 Sanriku earthquake, which killed 911 people and destroyed over 98% of the buildings in the town. Miyako attained city status on 20 June 1940.

On 6 June 2005, Miyako absorbed the town of Tarō, and village of Niisato, more than doubling the old city's size. On 1 January 2010, Miyako absorbed the village of Kawai (also from Shimohei District). ^{[citation needed]}

2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

On 11 March 2011, Miyako was devastated by a tsunami caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake.^[7] Only about 30–60 boats survived from the town's 960 ship fishing fleet.^[8]^[9] A subsequent field study by the University of Tokyo's Earthquake Research Institute revealed that the waters had reached at least 37.9 meters (124 ft) above sea level, almost equaling the 38.2 meters (125 ft) record of the tsunami created by the 1896 Sanriku earthquake.^[10] The final reported death toll from the disaster was 420 confirmed dead, 92 missing, and 4,005 buildings destroyed.^[11]

Some of the most iconic footage of the tsunami, repeatedly broadcast worldwide, was shot in Miyako. It shows a dark black wave cresting and overflowing a floodwall and tossing cars, followed by a fishing ship capsizing as it hit the submerged floodwall and then crushed as it was forced beneath a bridge.^[12]^[13]

Government

Miyako has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 28 members. Miyako, together with the town of Iwaizumi and the villages of Fudai, Tanohata, and Yamada, collectively contributes three seats to the Iwate Prefectural legislature. In terms of national politics, the village is part of Iwate 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy

The local economy of Miyako is based heavily on commercial fishing and food processing.

Education

Colleges

Miyako Junior College

Primary and secondary education

Miyako has 21 public elementary schools and 11 public junior high schools operated by the city government. The city has five public high schools operated by the Iwate Prefectural Board of Education and one private high school. Iwate Prefecture also operates one special education school for the handicapped.