Mesodinium chamaeleon

Mesodinium chamaeleon
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Clade:	Diaphoretickes
Clade:	SAR
Clade:	Alveolata
Phylum:	Ciliophora
Class:	Litostomatea
Order:	Cyclotrichiida
Family:	Mesodiniidae
Genus:	Mesodinium
Species:	M. chamaeleon
Binomial name
Mesodinium chamaeleon Moestrup, Garcia-Cuetos, Hansen & Fenchel, 2012

Mesodinium chamaeleon is a ciliate of the genus Mesodinium. It is known for being able to consume and maintain algae endosymbiotically for days before digesting the algae.^[1][2] It has the ability to eat red and green algae, and afterwards using the chlorophyll granules from the algae to generate energy, turning itself from being a heterotroph into an autotroph. The species was discovered in January 2012 outside the coast of Nivå, Denmark by professor Øjvind Moestrup.

In contrast to certain other species of the genus, Mesodinium chamaeleon can be maintained in culture for short periods only. It captures and ingests flagellates including cryptomonads. The prey is ingested very rapidly into a food vacuole without the cryptomonad flagella being shed and the trichocysts being discharged. The individual food vacuoles subsequently serve as photosynthetic units, each containing the cryptomonad chloroplast, a nucleus, and some mitochondria. The ingested cells are eventually digested. This type of symbiosis differs from other plastid-bearing Mesodinium spp. Among the strains that belong to Mesodinium rubrum, they are known for causing red tides in many coastal ecosystems. Although one of them denominated as M. rubrum is known as a non-toxic species, ciliate blooms can be potentially harmful to aquaculture industries. M. rubrum performs photosynthesis by sequestering the nucleus of its cryptophytic prey, in order to keep the plastids and other stolen organelles. By this, the retained ingested cryptomonad cells remain almost intact. The food strategy of M. chamaeleon appears to be intermediate between heterotrophic species, such as Mesodinium pulex and Mesodinium pupula, and species with red cryptomonad endosymbionts, such as Mesodinium rubrum.^[3]

References

1. Michael Marshall (13 January 2012). "Zoologger: Unique life form is half plant, half animal". New Scientist.
2. Moestrup, Ø.; Garcia-Cuetos, L.; Hansen, P. J.; Fenchel, T. (2012). "Studies on the Genus Mesodinium I: Ultrastructure and Description of Mesodinium chamaeleon n. sp., a Benthic Marine Species with Green or Red Chloroplasts". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (1): 20–39. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00593.x. PMID 22221919. S2CID 205760168.
3. Moestrup, Ojvind; Garcia-Cuetos, Lydia; Hansen, Per Juel; Fenchel, Tom (January 2012). "Studies on the Genus Mesodinium I: Ultrastructure and Description of Mesodinium chamaeleon n. sp., a Benthic Marine Species with Green or Red Chloroplasts". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (1): 20–39. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00593.x. PMID 22221919. S2CID 205760168.

^{[1] [2] [3]}

• Moestrup, Ojvind; Garcia-Cuetos, Lydia; Hansen, Per Juel; Fenchel, Tom (January 2012). "Studies on the Genus Mesodinium I: Ultrastructure and Description of Mesodinium chamaeleon n. sp., a Benthic Marine Species with Green or Red Chloroplasts". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (1): 20–39. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00593.x. PMID 22221919. S2CID 205760168.
• Johnson, Matthew (April 21, 2011). "Acquired Phototrophy in Ciliates: A Review of Cellular Interactions and Structural Adaptations". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 58 (3): 185–195. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00545.x. PMID 21518077. S2CID 28201103.
• Garcia-Cuetos, Lydia; Moestrup, Ojvind; Hansen, Per J. (July 2012). "Studies on the Genus Mesodinium II. Ultrastructural and Molecular Investigations of Five Marine Species Help Clarifying the Taxonomy". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (4): 374–400. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00630.x. PMID 22708786. S2CID 205760283.

1. Johnson, Matthew D, "The Genetic Diversity of Mesodinium and Associated Cryptophytes", 2016, Vol.7, p.2017-2017.
2. Moeller, Holly, "Prey type constrains growth and photosynthetic capacity of the kleptoplastidic ciliate Mesodinium chamaeleon (Ciliophora)", 2021-06, Vol.57 (3), p.916-930
3. Moeller, Holly, "Preferential Plastid Retention by the Acquired Phototroph Mesodinium chamaeleon", 2018-03, Vol.65 (2), p.148-158