Simon was born in Fort Severight (now Kangiqsualujjuaq), Quebec. She briefly worked as a producer and announcer for the CBC Northern Service in the 1970s before entering public service, serving on the board of the Northern Quebec Inuit Association and playing a key role in the Charlottetown Accord negotiations.[citation needed] She was Canada's first ambassador for circumpolar affairs from 1994 to 2004, as well as a lead negotiator for the creation of the Arctic Council.[5] She also served as the Canadian ambassador to Denmark from 1999 to 2002.
Simon was born Mary Jeannie May[4] on August 21, 1947,[7] in Fort Severight (now Kangiqsualujjuaq), Quebec,[8] to Bob May, who was from Manitoba and of English descent,[9] and to her mother, Nancy, an Inuk.[10][11] Her father had relocated to the north in his youth[12] and became manager of the local Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) store during the early 1950s.[11][13] He said that he was the first white employee to marry an Inuk, which the HBC banned at the time.[14] Mary Simon's Inuk name is Ningiukudluk.[4]
Simon began her career as a public servant by being elected secretary of the board of directors of the Northern Quebec Inuit Association. In 1978, she was elected as vice-president, and later president, of the Makivik Corporation. She held the position until 1985.
During this period she also became involved with Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Canada's national Inuit organization.[19] Simon was one of the senior Inuit negotiators during the patriation of the Canadian Constitution, the First Ministers' conferences that took place from 1982 to 1992, as well as the 1992 Charlottetown Accord discussions.
She took on a variety of roles for the Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC). First she served as an Executive Council member from 1980 to 1983, then as president from 1986 to 1992, and then as Special Envoy from 1992 to 1994.[19] During this period she assisted in obtaining approval from the Russian government to allow the Inuit of the Chukotka Peninsula to participate in ICC. In 1986, as president of the ICC, Simon led a delegation of Canadian, Alaskan, and Greenland Inuit to Moscow and then to Chukotka to meet with Russian officials as well as the Inuit of the far east of Russia. In 1987 the ICC was successful in efforts that resulted in the Russian government allowing Russian Inuit to attend the 1989 ICC General Assembly held in Alaska.
Ambassadorship
In 1994, Simon was appointed by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien to be Canadian Ambassador for Circumpolar Affairs,[20] a newly created position she held until early 2004.[21] Acting on instructions from the Government of Canada, she took the lead role in negotiating the creation of an eight-country council known today as the Arctic Council. The 1996 Ottawa Declaration formally established it to include the active participation of indigenous peoples in the circumpolar world. Under her leadership, and later as Canada's Senior Arctic Official, she and its indigenous permanent participants worked closely with those of its seven other states.
During this time, Simon was also the Canadian Ambassador to Denmark[22] (1999–2002),[23] a member of the Joint Public Advisory Committee of the Commission on Environmental Cooperation (1997–2000) and its chairwoman from 1997 to 1998.
Simon was appointed Councillor for the International Council for Conflict Resolution at the Carter Center in 2001.
Post-diplomatic work
From November 2004 to February 2005, she assisted with the facilitation and write-up of reports on the "Sectoral Follow-up Sessions" announced by Prime Minister Paul Martin following the April 19, 2004 Canada-Aboriginal Peoples Roundtable on Strengthening the Relationship on Health, Life Long learning, Housing, Economic Opportunities, Negotiations, and Accountability for Results.[citation needed] From June 2004 to June 2007, Simon was a board member at the International Institute for Sustainable Development.[24][25]
Simon's appointment was somewhat unusual, in that she speaks English and Inuktitut but is not particularly proficient in French. This raised some complaints from Francophone Canadians for breaking the tradition of French-English bilingualism.[31][32]
Tenure
Simon and Dame Cindy Kiro, Governor-General of New Zealand, host a bilateral between Canada and New Zealand during their Platinum Jubilee visit to the United Kingdom, June 2022.
On August 15, 2021, Simon approved the request of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to dissolve Parliament and signed a writ of election for September 20.[33]
Ajuinnata
Simon considers the concept of ajuinnata as an important theme for her mandate as governor general.[34]Ajuinnata is an Inuktitut word that does not have a one-word translation, as it encompasses many things: a vow or a promise to never give up, or a commitment to action no matter how daunting the cause may be.[35] Simon said that the word was taught to her by her mother and grandmother, and is an important concept for Inuit.[36] According to Simon, the spirit of ajuinnata drove her to get involved in movements to improve the lives of Inuit in Canada.[37]
On Accession Day, February 6, 2022, Simon paid tribute to the Queen in a message to mark her Platinum Jubilee. She said:[42]
Much has changed in the last seven decades. We extended the hand of friendship to nations around the world. We made advancements in medical research, most recently with vaccines. We established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and took part in its work. We saw the first Canadian named governor general, then the first woman and now, the first Indigenous person.
Simon and her husband met the Queen for the first time on March 15, 2022, at Windsor Castle. The Queen hosted afternoon tea for the couple. It was the first time that the Canadian monarch met the first indigenous governor general in Canadian history. Simon later said in an interview that she and the Queen discussed various issues like the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Canada convoy protests, and how they both recovered from COVID-19. Simon said she told the Queen that Canada's history books should be rewritten to reflect the facts about the relationship between the Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada.[43][44]
In May, Simon hosted Charles, Prince of Wales and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall on their Platinum Jubilee tour of Canada. During the tour, Simon invested Charles as an Extraordinary Commander of the Order of Military Merit at Rideau Hall.[45]
Simon with governors-general David Hurley of Australia and Dame Cindy Kiro of New Zealand, outside St Paul's Cathedral, London, 3 June 2022
Simon urged all Canadians to work together, to "truly honour the life, legacy and reign of Her Majesty The Queen", and said that, to her, that is worth celebrating.[47]
Papal visit
On April 1, 2022, Simon released a statement following Pope Francis' apology to Indigenous delegation at the Vatican. Simon said she was grateful to the Pope for his words, and hailed it a "historic and emotional day for Indigenous peoples across Canada". She said that the apology is "one step on the road to reconciliation", and the Pope has "committed to visiting Canada to continue the reconciliation journey with Indigenous peoples on their own lands".[48]
Pope Francis visited Canada from July 24 to 29, 2022, with Simon taking part in several events and activities during the papal visit.[49] Following the papal apology in Maskwacis on July 25, Simon said, "Today was a day that moved us forward, giving Survivors words that may help them heal. Yet it is also a day that can raise complex emotions, especially as the Papal visit continues".[50]
Transition of the Crown
Simon meeting King Charles III at Buckingham Palace, 5 May 2023
With Queen Elizabeth II's death on September 8, 2022, Simon became the first governor general to serve under two monarchs since Lord Tweedsmuir in 1936. Simon said, "Her Majesty's warm welcome when we spent time with her earlier this year was a profound moment in our lives and a memory we will cherish forever".[51] In a live statement to Canadians, Simon said, "Her Majesty cared about people, about our well-being. This was clear every time we spoke. She cared about Canada, and all the unique stories that make up our beautiful country".[52]
On September 10, Simon signed the proclamation of the accession of King Charles III at Rideau Hall following a formal meeting of the King's Privy Council for Canada.[53] In a statement, Simon said, "the Crown endures and thrives as a symbol of service, tradition and commitment. His Majesty The King ascends at an important time in history for Canada and the Commonwealth".[54]
Simon and her husband were part of the Canadian delegation to the Queen's state funeral in London on September 19.[55] On the occasion of the Queen's funeral, Simon said, "We were fortunate to have The Queen with us for so long. On behalf of all Canadians, I would like to thank our Queen, our monarch, one last time, for her love and her commitment to our country and our people".[56]
In May 2023, just days before the coronation of King Charles III, Simon organised an audience at Buckingham Palace between the King and three Indigenous leaders: Assembly of First Nations National Chief RoseAnne Archibald, President of Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami Natan Obed, and President of the Métis National Council Cassidy Caron.[57] Simon said that the King "understands the importance of walking the path of reconciliation with Canada and Indigenous peoples".[58]
Simon and her husband attended a reception hosted by the King on 5 May, and the Coronation Service at Westminster Abbey on 6 May. For the coronation, Simon wore a Canadian creation by a Nunavik born artist.[59] In a statement, Simon said:[60]
Seventy years have passed since the last Coronation, offering us an opportunity to reflect on all that has changed in our country, the Commonwealth and the world around us. And so much has changed. The evolution of technology, society and economics is happening at a quickening pace. And while the Crown has also evolved during this time, it continues to be an anchor for our robust and stable democracy and our diverse country.
In June 2022, Simon came under fire after a National Post story was published regarding exorbitant in-flight catering costs of over $93,000 for her eight-day trip to the Middle East.[62][63] She called the criticism "unfair" as she had no part in the logistics of her trips to discuss world peace but her office would try to "minimize the cost of future voyages".[64][65] She closed all commenting on her social media posts in February 2023 due to a growing number of abusive comments.[66]
Personal life
Simon is the second-oldest of eight children.[11] Her brother, Johnny May, is a locally renowned bush pilot.[16] In her youth, Simon attended an Anglican church with her family.[12] At age 40, she developed depression and burnout, but gradually overcame them.[14]
Simon married her first husband, Robert Otis, on March 27, 1967, in Kuujjuaq.[67] She later married George Simon,[12] and in 1994 she married her current husband, journalist and author Whit Fraser, a former head of the Canadian Polar Commission.[68][69] She has two sons and one daughter.[12] Simon speaks English and Inuktitut, and she has committed to learn French during her tenure as governor general.[70]
Council Member, Crossing Boundaries National Council
Member of Advisory Circle, Walter and Duncan Gordon Charitable Foundation[113]
Council Member, The National Police Services Advisory Council
Arms
Coat of arms of Mary Simon
Notes
Simon was granted armorial bearings by the Canadian Heraldic Authority following her appointment as governor general. The elements of the achievement were chosen to reflect Simon's upbringing and career. The shape of the escutcheon resembles an amauti, a traditional parka worn by Inuit women.[114][115]
Adopted
August 15, 2022
Crest
A snowy owl affronty wings displayed and inverted environed by caribou antlers proper
Escutcheon
Argent an annulet, overall a fess nowy Azure charged with the Royal Crown Argent
Supporters
Two Arctic foxes proper each gorged of a collar Azure pendent therefrom a hurt that to the dexter charged with a mountain sorrel flower, that to the sinister with a cinquefoil Argent, each fox supporting a kakivak and standing on a rocky mount set with a blueberry patch and cottongrass flowers proper
Simon, Mary (1989). "Security, Peace and the Native Peoples of the Arctic". The Arctic: Choices for Peace and Security. West Vancouver, British Columbia: Gordon Soules Book Publishers. pp. 31–36. ISBN0-919574-82-3.
Simon, Mary (2009). "Climate Change, Sovereignty and Partnership with the Inuit". In Abele, Frances; Courchene, Thomas J.; Seidle, F. Leslie; St-Hilaire, France (eds.). Northern Exposure: Peoples, Powers and Prospects in Canada's North. Montreal, Quebec: Institute for Research on Public Policy. pp. 523–528. ISBN978-0-88645-205-6.
Simon, Mary (2000). "Canada's Renewed Commitment to Northern Issues Through Policy Development and Partnership-Building". Northern Review (22): 115–119. GaleA30008294.
Simon, Mary (October 1, 2006). "Our Children and Youth"(PDF). Inuktituk. No. 101. pp. 50–53. Archived(PDF) from the original on July 25, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
Simon, Mary (January 1, 2007). "Planting Dreams"(PDF). Inuktituk. No. 102. pp. 52–55. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
Simon, Mary (October 14, 2008). "Maybe This Parliament Will Get it Right; Let's See Our Freshly Elected Members Finally Take Action on Aboriginal Issues That Will Make a Difference for Native Peoples". Ottawa Citizen. p. A15. ProQuest241206921.
Simon, Mary (October 1, 2009). "Inuit Nunangat"(PDF). Inuktituk. No. 107. pp. 48–51. Archived(PDF) from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
Simon, Mary (June 1, 2010). "Olympic Spirits..."(PDF). Inuktituk. No. 108. pp. 60–63. Archived(PDF) from the original on July 25, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
Simon, Mary (October 31, 2011). "Inuit History Is Canadian History". The Hill Times. No. 1112. p. 18.
Simon, Mary (December 1, 2011). "The Next 40 Years"(PDF). Inuktituk. No. 111. pp. 96–103. Archived(PDF) from the original on July 25, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
^Indigenous persons have previously been appointed to provincial viceregal offices.
References
^Canada, Global Affairs (June 5, 2014). "Gagliano, Alfonso : Post(s)". w05.international.gc.ca. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
^"Biography – Mary J. Simon". Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. July 21, 2016. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
^Song, Vivian (March 10, 2005). "Honorary Degree for Cherney: General, Filmmaker, Former Chancellor also Getting Degrees". The Peterborough Examiner. p. B1. ProQuest354743987.
^"Mary May Simon". The Public Register of Arms, Flags, and Badges of Canada. The Governor General of Canada. Archived from the original on November 11, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
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