Mary Therese Winifred Robinson (Irish: Máire Mhic Róibín;[2]néeBourke; born 21 May 1944) is an Irish politician who served as the seventh president of Ireland, holding the office from December 1990 to September 1997. She was the country's first female president. Robinson had previously served as a senator in Seanad Éireann from 1969 to 1989, and as a councillor on Dublin Corporation from 1979 to 1983. Although she had been briefly affiliated with the Labour Party during her time as a senator, she became the first independent candidate to win the presidency and the first not to have had the support of Fianna Fáil.[3] Following her time as president, Robinson became the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 1997 to 2002.
Robinson and her presidency are widely regarded as having a transformative effect on Ireland. Having successfully campaigned on several liberalising issues as a senator and as a lawyer, Robinson was involved in the decriminalisation of homosexuality, the legalisation of contraception, the legalisation of divorce, enabling women to sit on juries, and securing the right to legal aid in civil legal cases in Ireland.[4] She was Ireland's most popular president, at one point having a 93% approval rating among the electorate.
During her tenure as High Commissioner, she visited Tibet (1998), the first High Commissioner to have done so; she criticised Ireland's immigration policy; and criticised the use of capital punishment in the United States. She extended her intended single four-year term as High Commissioner by one year to preside over the World Conference against Racism 2001 in Durban, South Africa: the conference proved controversial due to a draft document which equated Zionism with racism. Robinson resigned her post in September 2002. After leaving the United Nations in 2002, Robinson formed Realizing Rights: the Ethical Globalization Initiative,[5] which came to a planned end at the end of 2010.
She attended Mount Anville Secondary School in Dublin[11] and studied law at Trinity College Dublin (where she was elected a scholar in 1965).[12] As the Catholic Church's ban on Catholics attending Trinity was still in place at the time of Bourke's application, her parents had to first request permission from Archbishop McQuaid to allow her to attend.[13] She was one of three women in her class in Trinity,[14] and graduated in 1967 with first-class honours.[12] An outspoken critic of some Catholic church teachings, during her inaugural address as auditor of the Dublin University Law Society in 1967 she advocated removing the prohibition of divorce from the Irish Constitution, eliminating the ban on the use of contraceptives, and decriminalizing homosexuality and suicide.[15] She furthered her studies at the King's Inns and was called to the Irish Bar in 1967.[16] She was awarded a fellowship to attend Harvard Law School, receiving an LL.M in 1968.[17]
Legal career and time in Seanad Éireann (1967–1990)
In 1969, aged 25, Bourke was appointed Reid Professor of Criminal Law at Trinity College.[18] That same year, Bourke was first elected to Seanad Éireann as an independent senator.[19] Her goals as a senator were "to open up Ireland and separate Catholic teaching from aspects of the criminal law and therefore reform the law on contraceptives, legalise homosexuality and change the constitutional ban on divorce."[20] Her time in office is most closely associated with these issues, as well as securing the right for women to serve on juries and her involvement with the Wood Quay protests.
In 1970, she married Nicholas Robinson, with whom she had a relationship since they were law students and who was then practising as a solicitor. They have three children together.[21]
A result of Ireland joining the European Economic Community was that two of Robinson's key goals were met: Ireland was required to offer women in the public service equal pay to men, which came into effect in June 1973; and in July the marriage bar for women in the civil service was lifted.[22]
In late July 1976, Robinson joined the Labour Party, though she later left the party in 1985.[23] Whilst a member of the party, she ran for Dáil Éireann, including the 1981 general election for Dublin West, but failed to win a seat.
Trinity College Dublin. Robinson served as Reid Professor of Law in the university, as well as being one of its three elected senators in Seanad Éireann for twenty years.
During her time in office, Robinson won several landmark court cases. She first fought a gender-based case in the Labour Court on behalf of her husband. Under the pension scheme in place for politicians at the time, the widows of politicians were often entitled to pensions, but widowers were not. On 12 May 1979, the court ruled in her favour.[24] In July 1979, she appeared in court on behalf of a couple who alleged that the Irish tax system was discriminatory as the tax allowances available to couples were less than double those available to single people. A court decision in their favour was made in October but was appealed by the Irish government. The Supreme Court eventually ruled in favour of the couple in April 1980.[24] Robinson also lost a groundbreaking case in the European Court of Justice, the first case in which the court granted legal aid to a plaintiff.[25]
On 23 May 1989, Robinson announced that she would not be seeking re-election, and on 5 July 1989, Robinson served as a senator on her last day in her Seanad career.[26]
Robinson won the Labour Party nomination over former Minister for HealthNoel Browne by a 4:1 majority.[27] She had the advantage of being the first candidate nominated for the election (and the first female), in that she could cover more meetings, public addresses and interviews. However, she refused to be drawn on specifics in case she would alienate possible support. She also received the backing of The Irish Times newspaper, and this proved hugely advantageous.
Candidates from other parties
Robinson ran against two other candidates: Austin Currie, for Fine Gael, and Brian Lenihan for Fianna Fáil. Currie was widely seen as the Fine Gael's last choice as a candidate, nominated only when no one else was available. Fianna Fáil's candidate, then Tánaiste and Minister for Defence Brian Lenihan had become popular during his three decades in politics. Like Robinson, he had delivered liberal policy reform.
At the beginning of the campaign, Lenihan was seen as the favourite to win the presidency. As the campaign proceeded, however, it became apparent that Robinson was a serious contender. Crucial to her appeal was the deep unpopularity of the Taoiseach, Charles Haughey, and the rising popularity of Dick Spring.
Robinson obtained the backing of the Workers' Party which was strong in Dublin and Cork and was considered crucial to getting working-class votes.
A transfer pact was agreed upon between Fine Gael and Labour, as both parties were normally preferred partners for each other in general elections.
During the campaign it emerged that what Lenihan had told friends and insiders in private flatly contradicted his public statements on a controversial effort in 1982 by the opposition Fianna Fáil to pressure President Hillery into refusing a parliamentary dissolution to Garret FitzGerald, the Taoiseach at the time; Hillery had resolutely rejected the pressure.
Lenihan denied he had pressured the President but then a tape was produced of an interview he had given to a postgraduate student the previous May, in which he frankly discussed attempting to apply pressure. Lenihan claimed that "on mature recollection" he hadn't pressured the President and had been confused in his interview with the student. The issue, however, nearly led to the collapse of the government.
Under pressure from the junior coalition partner, the Progressive Democrats, Haughey sacked Lenihan as Tánaiste and Minister for Defence. Lenihan's integrity was seriously questioned. Lenihan's role in the event in 1982 seemed to imply that he could be instructed by Haughey in his duties, and that electing Lenihan was in effect empowering the controversial Haughey. In an effort to weaken Robinson, a government minister and Haughey ally, Pádraig Flynn, launched a controversial personal attack on Mary Robinson "as a wife and mother" and "having a new-found interest in her family".[28] Flynn, even more controversially, also joked privately that Robinson would "turn the Áras [President's residence] into the Red Cow Inn [a pub in Dublin]". Flynn's tirade was itself attacked in response as "disgraceful" on radio by Michael McDowell, a senior member of the Progressive Democrat party which up to that point supported Lenihan's campaign.[29] When Robinson met McDowell later in a restaurant, she quipped, "with enemies like McDowell, who needs friends?" Flynn's attack was a fatal blow to Lenihan's campaign, causing many female supporters of Lenihan to vote for Robinson in a gesture of support.
Lenihan's support evaporated, and Haughey concluded that the election was as good as lost. Haughey distanced himself from Lenihan and sacked him from the Cabinet. This had unintended consequences, as disquiet within the Fianna Fáil organisation concerning Haughey's leadership increased dramatically. Many canvassers now restarted the campaign to get Lenihan elected. However, Lenihan's personal confidence was shattered and although he recovered somewhat in the polls towards the end of the campaign, it was insufficient. He was ahead on the first count with 44% of the first-preference votes — Robinson attaining 39%.[30] However, transfers from Currie proved critical and the majority of these went — as expected — against Fianna Fáil. Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil presidential candidate to lose a presidential election. Robinson became president, the first woman to hold the office, and the first candidate to be second on first preference votes to win the presidency.
She became the first Labour Party candidate, the first woman, and the first non-Fianna-Fáil candidate in a contested presidential election to win the presidency. RTÉ broadcast her victory speech live rather than The Angelus. Her first television interview as President-elect was on the RTÉ children's television show The Den with Ray D'Arcy, puppets Zig and Zag and Dustin the Turkey, another puppet.[31]
Video footage of Robinson's Inauguration speech as President of Ireland
Robinson was inaugurated as the seventh President of Ireland on 3 December 1990. She proved a remarkably popular President, earning the praise of Brian Lenihan himself who, before his death five years later, said that she was a better President than he ever could have been.[32]
In 1991, Robinson was prevented from leaving the country by Charles Haughey's government. The power of the government to prevent the president from leaving the country is enshrined in Article 12.9 of the Irish constitution, which states that "the President shall not leave the State [...] save with the consent of the Government". Robinson had been invited to deliver the prestigious BBCDimbleby Lecture, and was to be speaking on the position of women and the family in Ireland. Wary of Robinson's position as a feminist and human rights lawyer, the government prevented her from leaving as they wished to avoid the negative publicity that they believed would arise from a speech they believed would be highly critical of the Irish state.[33]
In 1992, Robinson travelled to Somalia, which at the time was struck by famine. She then travelled to the UN to make a report of her findings.[34] The UN ultimately failed in its effort to relieve the famine, and the United States eventually intervened, ending the famine by March 1993.
In the previous 52 years, only one address to the Oireachtas (parliament) had taken place, by President Éamon de Valera in 1966, on the fiftieth anniversary of the Easter Rising. Robinson delivered two such addresses. She was also invited to chair a committee to review the workings of the United Nations, but declined when asked to by the Government of Ireland, who feared that her involvement might make it difficult for it to oppose the proposals that would result.[citation needed]
Church and religion
Robinson at the Amnesty International Ireland Conference, February 1996
To the surprise of her critics, who had seen her as embodying liberalism that the Catholic Church disapproved of, she had a close working relationship with the Church. She visited Irish nuns and priests abroad regularly, and became the first President to host an Áras reception for the Christian Brothers. When on a working trip to Rome, she requested, and was granted, an audience with Pope John Paul II. Her outfit was condemned by a young priest, Fr David O'Hanlon, for supposedly breaking Vatican dress codes. The Vatican contradicted O'Hanlon, pointing out that the dress codes had been changed early in John Paul's pontificate – an analysis echoed by Ireland's Catholic Bishops, who distanced themselves from Fr O'Hanlon's comments.[38]
Legislation and popularity
As President, she signed two significant bills that she had fought for throughout her political career: a bill to fully liberalise the law on the availability of contraceptives; and a bill fully decriminalising homosexuality, and which unlike legislation in much of the world at the time, provided for a fully equal age of consent.[39] In 1996, she also signed the legalisation of divorce into law.
Robinson was an exceptionally popular president, and halfway through her term of office her popularity rating had reached an unprecedented 93%.[40]
Resignation as president
Robinson issued her resignation as president in a message to the Ceann Comhairle of the Dáil, taking effect on 12 September 1997.[41]TaoiseachBertie Ahern said in a statement that her resignation "was not unexpected" and wished her "every success".[42] Robinson resigned to take up the appointment as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.[43] Upon her resignation as president, the role of President of Ireland was transferred to the Presidential Commission (which comprised the Chief Justice of Ireland, the Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann and the Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann) from 12 September to 11 November 1997, when the new president Mary McAleese was sworn in. Despite leaving office with just three months remaining in her presidency, Robinson later expressed regret at her early departure, indicating she could have postponed her acceptance of High Commissioner's office.[44]
High Commissioner for Human Rights (1997–2002)
Robinson became the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on 12 September 1997, resigning the presidency a few weeks early to take up the post. Media reports suggested that she had been head-hunted for the post by Secretary-General of the United NationsKofi Annan, to assume an advocacy as opposed to an administrative role, in other words, to become a public campaigner outlining principles rather than the previous implementational and consensus-building model. The belief was that the post had ceased to be seen as the voice of general principles and had become largely bureaucratic. Robinson's role was to set the human rights agenda within the organisation and internationally, refocusing its appeal.[45]
In November 1997, she delivered the Romanes Lecture in Oxford on the topic of "Realizing Human Rights"; she spoke of the "daunting challenge" ahead of her, and how she intended to set about her task. She concluded the lecture with words from The Golden Bough: "If fate has called you, the bough will come easily, and of its own accord. Otherwise, no matter how much strength you muster, you never will manage to quell it or cut it down with the toughest of blades."[46]
Robinson was the first High Commissioner for Human Rights to visit Tibet, making her trip in 1998. During her tenure, she criticised the Irish system of permits for non-EU immigrants as similar to "bonded labour" and criticised the United States' use of capital punishment.[citation needed]
In 2001, she chaired the Asia Regional Preparatory Meeting for the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and related intolerances, which was held in Tehran, Iran.[47] At this meeting, neither the representatives of the Simon Wiesenthal Centre, a Jewish group, nor the Baha'i International Community were permitted to attend.[48] She wore a headscarf at the meeting because the Iranians enforced an edict that all women attending the conference must wear one. Women who did not wear it were criticised, and Robinson said that it "played into the hands of religious conservatives".[49][50]
Though she had initially announced her intention to serve a single four-year period, she extended the term by a year following an appeal from Annan, allowing her to preside over the 2001 World Conference against Racism in Durban, South Africa, as secretary-general. The conference drew widespread criticism, as did Robinson. Former US CongressmanTom Lantos said, "To many of us present at the events at Durban, it is clear that much of the responsibility for the debacle rests on the shoulders of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson, who, in her role as secretary-general of the conference, failed to provide the leadership needed to keep the conference on track."[51]
Robinson's period as High Commissioner ended in 2002, after sustained pressure from the United States led her to declare she was no longer able to continue her work.[52] She had criticised the US for violating human rights in its war on terrorism and the World Conference against Racism was widely condemned in the US for its perceived antisemitism. Michael Rubin even went so far as to suggest in a tongue-in-cheek article that she be tried for war crimes for presiding over "an intellectual pogrom against Jews and Israel."[53] On 9 November 2006, in Yogyakarta, she attended the International Conference, then she became one of 29 signators of the Yogyakarta Principles,[54] adopted for protection of rights by International Human Rights Law.
Post-commissioner period (2002 – present)
University of Dublin
Robinson served as the twenty-fourth, and first female, Chancellor of the University of Dublin. She represented the university in the Seanad for over twenty years and held the Reid Chair in Law. She was succeeded as chancellor by Mary McAleese, who had also succeeded her as president of Ireland.
Along with Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel, and Desmond Tutu, and others, Robinson was a founding member of "The Elders", a group of world leaders with the goal of contributing their wisdom to tackle some of the world's toughest problems. She has travelled with Elders delegations to the Ivory Coast, the Korean Peninsula, Ethiopia, India, South Sudan and the Middle East.[55]
In August 2014, she was joined by fellow Elder Jimmy Carter during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, to pen an article in Foreign Policy magazine, pressing for the inclusion of recognition of Hamas as a legitimate political actor, noting the recent unity deal between Hamas and Fatah when the former agreed with the Palestinian Authority to denounce violence, recognise Israel and adhere to past agreements. Robinson and Carter called on the UN Security Council to act on what they described as the inhumane conditions in Gaza, and mandate an end to the siege.[56] On 16 October 2014, she attended the One Young World Summit in Dublin. During a session with fellow Elder, Kofi Annan, she encouraged 1,300 young leaders from 191 countries to lead on inter-generational issues such as climate change and the need for action to take place now, not tomorrow.[57][58][59] She was also the keynote speaker at the One Young World Opening Ceremony where she highlighted the need to empower young people to participate in decision-making processes that shape their future.[60][61]
On 1 November 2018, Robinson was appointed as the Chair of The Elders, succeeding Kofi Annan who had died earlier in the year.[62]
In September 2012, Robinson's memoir Everybody Matters was published by Hodder & Stoughton.[63]
Views on agriculture
In 2016 at the One Young World summit, Robinson began to become vocal about her efforts to eat less meat and encouraged others to either do the same or adopt some type of entirely vegetarian diet in order to help fight climate change. Robinson was applauded for her suggestions but did receive condemnation from critics in her own country expressing concern that following her lead would inadvertently harm workers in the agricultural industry and meat industry; she was asked to withdraw her comments by her local council. At the 2018 summit she stood by her call for people to consume less meat despite the backlash.[64][65] In 2019 Robinson announced that she believes in making tackling climate change a personal issue in our lives and for this reason she has stopped eating meat in favour of a more eco-friendly pescetarian diet.[66]
Archive and tax avoidance controversy
In October 2016, it was revealed in the media that Robinson was planning to donate her archive to Mayo County Council, as part of the development of The Mary Robinson Centre, and had applied to have the archive designated under the Taxes Consolidation Act, 1997, potentially resulting in a personal tax credit to her worth over €2m, arising from the donation of her personal papers. The house proposed to be used for the centre was to be purchased from Robinson's brother for €665,000.[67]
The website of the Mary Robinson Centre lists the contents of the proposed archive (valued at €2.5m) as including:
"2,000 books on law and Human Rights 3,800 periodicals; A Master File of the President's engagements from December 1990 to September 1997; The symbolic light in the window of Áras an Uachtaráin from her Presidency; Robinson's personal diaries from 1967 to 1990 and from 1998 to 2001; 325 Archive Cartons..Scrap Books, Cassette Tapes." These papers relate to Robinson's almost 50-year career, spanning her time as a senator and barrister in the 1970s and '80s, her personal papers relating to the presidency and significant papers from the post-presidential period of her career, most notably her time with the United Nations as High Commissioner for Human Rights.[68]
The project as a whole was condemned as an "expensive vanity project" by historian Diarmuid Ferriter.[67] A member of the fundraising committee for the Centre argued that "Ballina is the same distance to Dublin as Dublin is to Ballina."[69][clarification needed] Chief Executive of Mayo County Council, Peter Hynes (who is also on the board of the Mary Robinson Centre) stated that Robinson had a "legacy as a politician" and that the centre is designed to bring significant academic, tourism, education and economic opportunities to Ballina and the West. Hynes also commented that "The west coast town (of Ballina) has considerable pride in her outstanding career and on-going global leadership and sees the proposed centre as a living institution which will focus global attention and, working in collaboration with the National University of Ireland, Galway, will continue the conversation on topics of fundamental importance."[70]
Following the reporting of the potential €2m windfall, Robinson announced she would abandon the plan to "gift" the archive to Ballina and instead she said the papers would be "gifted to NUIG, with Mayo County Council having full access to any part of the collection which is required to support the mission of the centre in Ballina".[71] In addition she stated that she would now not avail of the tax credit for the donation.
Activities in non-governmental organisations
Africa Europe Foundation (AEF), Member of the High-Level Group of Personalities on Africa-Europe Relations (since 2020)[72]
Institute for Human Rights & Business (IHRB), Patron[73]
Mary Robinson, the UN Special Envoy for the Great Lakes region, on 28 April 2013 in Kinshasa, during a press briefing at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
In March 2013, Robinson was chosen to oversee the implementation of a peace deal to stabilise the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Appointed as special envoy to Africa's Great Lakes region by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon,[85] she played a key role in supporting implementation of the U.N.-drafted peace deal signed by 11 African countries in late February 2013.[86] During her tenure as special envoy, the 23 March Movement and other armed rebel groups surrendered to the Congolese government.[86]
In July 2014, Ban Ki-moon appointed her special envoy for climate change to interact with global leaders ahead of the 2014 Climate Summit, in New York, at which the secretary-general said he hoped to forge political commitment to finalising an agreement in 2015.[87] A month following her appointment, in August 2014, she stepped down as special envoy to Africa's Great Lakes region.[86] In March 2015, she voiced support for fossil fuel divestment commenting "it is almost a due diligence requirement to consider ending investment in dirty energy companies".[88]
In May 2016, Ban Ki-moon appointed Robinson and Macharia Kamau, as special envoys of the Secretary-General on El Niño and Climate, tasking them with calling attention to the people around the world affected by severe El Niño-linked drought and climate impacts, and mobilising an integrated response that takes preparedness for future climatic events into account.[90]
In September 2016, she was appointed by Ban Ki-moon to serve as member of the lead group of the Scaling Up Nutrition Movement.[79]
In December 2018, she was criticised by human rights organisations, Detained International and Guernica 37 International Justice Chambers, for her statements regarding Dubai's Sheikha Latifa's disappearance and escape attempt. After meeting Latifa at a family lunch on the invitation of Dubai's royal family, Robinson described Latifa to the BBC as a "troubled young woman" who regretted an earlier video in which she alleged being confined and tortured in Dubai. Detained International head David Haigh expressed astonishment at the former UN commissioner for repeatedly reciting a single statement from Dubai's official version of the events, "loving care of her family", and for dismissing Latifa's alleged attempt to escape from Dubai in February 2018.[91][92] In February 2021, Robinson retracted her 2018 statement claiming on the BBC's Panorama programme that she and Latifa's stepmother, Princess Haya, were both misled over the health and stability of Latifa during that period, when she was held in enforced detention in a Dubai villa and Robinson was embroiled into the proof of life controversy to allay international concern over Latifa's disappearance from the public eye.[93] Robinson gave an account of the incident on The Late Late Show on 26 February 2021, referring to it as the biggest mistake of her career.[94][95]
On 29 September 2010, at a ceremony in Dublin, she received a damehood from the Military and Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem. As a former Head of State and in recognition of her significant contribution towards human rights she was awarded the honour of Dame Grand Cross of Merit.
In 2009, she was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Bath, at the 1100th anniversary celebration of the Diocese of Bath and Wells, where she gave a lecture entitled "Realising rights: the role of religion in human rights in the future".[107]
U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom
Robinson receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Barack Obama
In 2009, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour awarded by the US.[108][109] In presenting the award, President Obama said "As a crusader for women and those without a voice in Ireland, Mary Robinson was the first woman elected President of Ireland, before being appointed U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights. [...] Today, as an advocate for the hungry and the hunted, the forgotten and the ignored, Mary Robinson has not only shone a light on human suffering, but illuminated a better future for our world."[110] Amnesty International congratulated Robinson on being named recipient.[111]
The award was criticised by American and European Jewish groups, while others offered support. Parties opposed included the AIPAC, Anti-Defamation League, European Jewish Congress, and John Bolton, former US Ambassador to the UN.[112] Bolton stated that those in the administration who recommended her either ignored her anti-Israel history, or missed it entirely.[113] On the other hand, a group of Israeli human rights organisations stated "as leaders of a sector within Israeli civil society that monitors and often criticizes government and military policy for violating human rights, we do not see such actions as plausible reason for denying Mrs. Robinson the award."[112] In response to the protests by some Jewish groups and commentators, Robinson said she was "surprised and dismayed" and that "this is old, recycled, untrue stuff," "I have been very critical of the Palestinian side. My conduct continues to be on the side of tackling anti-Semitism and discrimination."[114] "There's a lot of bullying by certain elements of the Jewish community. They bully people who try to address the severe situation in Gaza and the West Bank. Archbishop Desmond Tutu gets the same criticism."[115] In an open letter to Robinson, Hillel Neuer, a director of UN Watch, rejected Robinson's claim of being misunderstood or bullied by those who criticise her role in Durban. He said that she failed to confront purveyors of anti-Israel rhetoric. "You may not have been the chief culprit of the Durban debacle, but you will always be its preeminent symbol", he added.[112] When asked about the opposition, White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs replied "Mary Robinson was the first female President of Ireland, and she is somebody whom we are honouring as a prominent crusader of women's rights in Ireland and throughout the world."[116]
US Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi,[117] Senate Assistant Majority Leader, Dick Durbin,[118] and other legislators[119] welcomed the award to Robinson."[120] Forty-five Republican Congressmen sent a letter to President Obama citing "her failed, biased record as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights".[112] In a letter to President Obama, Nancy Rubin, a former US ambassador to the UN Human Rights Commission, praised Robinson as a "dedicated crusader for human rights for all people".[121]Oxfam expressed its strong support for Robinson.[122][123] The Council of Women World Leaders,[124] the Champalimaud Foundation,[125] and the ImagineNations Group[126] welcomed the award to Robinson.
The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission congratulated Robinson, saying she "helped advance recognition of the human rights of LGBT people in her capacity as President of Ireland and as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. She has been unwavering in her passionate call to end torture, persecution, and discrimination against LGBT people globally."[127]
^McDowell, a former TD, had been a controversial figure in the government. Though with no seat in parliament, he was nevertheless projected as the party's "conscience", launching attacks on Fianna Fáil that caused considerable anger in Fianna Fáil. The PDs threatened to quit the government after the revelations about Lenihan. They gave Haughey an ultimatum: either hold an inquiry into the pressure placed on President Hillery, or dismiss Lenihan. Through professing loyalty to his "friend of thirty years" Haughey chose the latter option and dismissed Lenihan.
^O'Hanlon also criticised Robinson for not making a state visit to the Vatican. That was revealed to be unjustified. She could only make a state visit if invited. No invitation had been issued. As the last state visit had been carried out by President Hillery, in 1989, another state visit was not due for at least a decade.
O'Leary, Olivia; Burke, Helen (1998). Mary Robinson: The Authorised Biography. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN0-340-71738-6.
O'Sullivan, Michael (1993). Mary Robinson: The Life and Time of an Irish Liberal. Dublin: Blackwater Press. ISBN978-0-86121-448-8.
Further reading
Stephen Collins, Spring and the Labour Party (O'Brien Press, 1993) ISBN0-86278-349-6
Eamon Delaney, An Accidental Diplomat: My Years in the Irish Foreign Service (1987–1995) (New Island Books, 2001) ISBN1-902602-39-0
Garret FitzGerald, All in a Life (Gill and Macmillan, 1991) ISBN0-7171-1600-X
Fergus Finlay, Mary Robinson: A President with a Purpose (O'Brien Press, 1991) ISBN0-86278-257-0
Fergus Finlay. Snakes & Ladders (New Island Books, 1998) ISBN1-874597-76-6
Jack Jones, In Your Opinion: Political and Social Trends in Ireland through the Eyes of the Electorate (Townhouse, 2001) ISBN1-86059-149-3
Ray Kavanagh, The Rise and Fall of the Labour Party:1986–1999 (Blackwater Press 2001) ISBN1-84131-528-1
Gabriel Kiely, Anne O'Donnell, Patricia Kennedy, Suzanne Quin (eds) Irish Social Policy in Context (University College Dublin Press, 1999) ISBN1-900621-25-8
Brian Lenihan, For the Record (Blackwater Press, 1991) ISBN0-86121-362-9
Mary McQuillan, Mary Robinson: A President in Progress (Gill and Macmillan, 1994) ISBN0-7171-2251-4
Olivia O'Leary & Helen Burke, Mary Robinson: The Authorised Biography (Lir/Hodder & Stoughton, 1998) ISBN0-340-71738-6
Lorna Siggins, The Woman Who Took Power in the Park: Mary Robinson, President of Ireland, 1990–1997 (Mainstream Publishing, 1997) ISBN1-85158-805-1
Torild Skard, "Mary Robinson", Women of Power – Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide(Bristol: Policy Press, 2014) ISBN978-1-44731-578-0
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Anna SharyhinaBiographieNaissance 1978Nom dans la langue maternelle Анна Борисівна ШаригінаNationalité ukrainienneActivité Militante pour les droits de la personne humainemodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Anna Borysivna Sharyhina (en ukrainien : Анна Борисівна Шаригіна, Anna Boryssivna Charyhina ; née en 1978) est une féministe et militante LGBT ukrainienne. Elle est cofondatrice de la Sphere Women's Association, une organi...
كاستلغراندي الإحداثيات 40°47′00″N 15°26′00″E / 40.783333333333°N 15.433333333333°E / 40.783333333333; 15.433333333333 [1] تقسيم إداري البلد إيطاليا[2] التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة بُتِنسة خصائص جغرافية المساحة 34.9 كيلومتر مربع (9 أكتوبر 2011)[3] ارتفاع 962 متر عدد ال...
Campo de Marte redirects here. For the equestrian venue in Mexico City, see Campo Marte. For other uses, see Campo Marte (disambiguation). AirportCampo de Marte AirportAeroporto Campo de MarteIATA: RTEICAO: SBMTSummaryAirport typePublic/MilitaryOperator Infraero (1979–2022) Pax Aeroportos (2022–present) ServesSão PauloOpenedJuly 26, 1929; 94 years ago (1929-07-26)Time zoneBRT (UTC−03:00)Elevation AMSL722 m / 2,368 ftCoordinates23°30′24″S 046°38′...
Mikami Domain三上藩Domain of Japan1698–1871CapitalMikami jin'yaArea • Coordinates35°03′06.22″N 136°01′48.51″E / 35.0517278°N 136.0301417°E / 35.0517278; 136.0301417 History • TypeDaimyō Historical eraEdo period• Established 1698• Disestablished 1871 Today part ofpart of Shiga Prefecture Mikami Domain (三上藩, Mikami-han) was a Fudai feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It was located ...
Visual organ found in arthropods such as insects and crustaceans Compound eye of a house centipede A compound eye is a visual organ found in arthropods such as insects and crustaceans. It may consist of thousands of ommatidia,[1] which are tiny independent photoreception units that consist of a cornea, lens, and photoreceptor cells which distinguish brightness and color. The image perceived by this arthropod eye is a combination of inputs from the numerous ommatidia, which are oriente...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (مارس 2023) هذه مقالة غير مراجعة. ينبغي أن يزال هذا القالب بعد أن يراجعها محرر مغاير للذي أنشأها؛ إذا لزم الأمر فيجب أن توسم المقالة بقوالب الصيانة المناسبة. يمكن أيضاً تق...
Район Баніяс منطقة بانياس Адміністративний центр Баніяс Країна Сирія Регіон Тартус Населення - повне 174 233 (2004) Площа - повна 581,3 км² Часовий пояс UTC+2 Вікісховище має мультимедійні даніза темою: Баніяс Баніяс (араб. منطقة بانياس) — район (мінтака) у С...
Scottish footballer Chris Robertson Robertson with Coalville Town in January 2023Personal informationFull name Christopher Robertson[1]Date of birth (1986-10-11) 11 October 1986 (age 37)[2]Place of birth Dundee, Scotland[2]Height 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)[2]Position(s) Centre-back; right-backTeam informationCurrent team Coalville TownYouth career2004–2005 Sheffield UnitedSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2005–2007 Sheffield United 0 (0)2004 ...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يونيو 2019) إميليو مونيوث معلومات شخصية الميلاد 16 يناير 1979 (العمر 44 سنة)أبدة الطول 1.87 م (6 قدم 1 1⁄2 بوصة) مركز اللعب حارس مرمى الجنسية إسبانيا معلومات ا...
Neighborhood of Los Angeles in California, United States of AmericaLittle EthiopiaNeighborhood of Los AngelesLittle Ethiopia neighborhood sign located at the intersection ofFairfax Avenue and Olympic BoulevardLittle EthiopiaLocation within Western Los AngelesCoordinates: 34°03′18″N 118°21′59″W / 34.055°N 118.366389°W / 34.055; -118.366389Country United States of AmericaState CaliforniaCounty Los AngelesTime zonePacificArea code323 Little Ethiopia ...
Untuk kurva pengisian ruang Hilbert, lihat kurva Hilbert. Keadaan pita bergetar dapat dimodelkan sebagai titik dalam ruang Hilbert. Dekomposisi dawai yang bergetar menjadi getarannya dalam nada tambahan yang berbeda diberikan oleh proyeksi titik ke sumbu koordinat di ruang. Konsep matematika dari ruang Hilbert, dinamai David Hilbert, menggeneralisasi gagasan ruang Euklides. Maka memperluas metode aljabar vektor dan kalkulus dari dua dimensi bidang Euclidean dan ruang tiga dimensi ke ruang den...
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Agustus 2020. Pangeran Ratoе Achmad Kesoema Negara adalah Raja Kerajaan Silat sejak tahun 1850.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Didahului oleh:..... Raja Silat1850 Diteruskan oleh:..... Rujukan ^ Landsdrukkerij. Almanak en Naa...
Railway line in Hokkaido, Japan This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Nemuro Main Line – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Nemuro LineA KiHa 261-1000 series DMU between Taisei and MemuroOverviewNative name根室本線Sta...
2012 Chinese filmBunshinsabaDirected byAhn Byeong-kiScreenplay by Liu Han Li Han Li Wei Produced byPei LinStarring Mei Ting Ma Shuliang Wu Chao Zhu Jiangdi Guo Jingfei Gao Xinyu CinematographyChoi Sang-mukEdited byHahm Sung-wonMusic byJeong Yong-jinRelease date July 16, 2012 (2012-07-16) (China) Running time92 minutesCountryChinaLanguageMandarinBox officeUS$9.93 million Bunshinsaba (simplified Chinese: 笔仙; traditional Chinese: 筆仙; pinyin: Bǐxiān) is a ...
Bani HaritsahLingkunganNegara Arab SaudiProvinsiProvinsi MadinahKotaMadinahZona waktuUTC+3 (EAT) • Musim panas (DST)UTC+3 (EAT) Bani Haritsah (Arab: بني حارثه) adalah sebuah lingkungan di kota suci Madinah di Provinsi Madinah, tepatnya di sebelah barat Arab Saudi.[1] Referensi ^ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. GeoNames database entry. (search Diarsipkan 2017-03-18 di Wayback Machine.) Accessed 12 May 2011. lbsLingkungan sekitar Masjid Nabawi, Madi...
Південно-Аравійський фронт Близькосхідний ТВДПерша світова війна Артилерійська обслуга QF 15-pounder на вогневій позиції поблизу Шейх-Осман. Південно-Аравійський фронтАртилерійська обслуга QF 15-pounder на вогневій позиції поблизу Шейх-Осман. Південно-Аравійський фронт Дата: 10 л...
OLE (англ. Object Linking and Embedding, произносится как oh-lay [олэй]) — технология связывания и внедрения объектов в другие документы и объекты, разработанная корпорацией Майкрософт. В 1996 году Microsoft переименовала технологию в ActiveX. OLE позволяет передавать часть работы от одной програм...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع جون جونسون (توضيح). جون جونسون معلومات شخصية الميلاد 19 يناير 1918 أركنساس سيتي الوفاة 8 أغسطس 2005 (87 سنة) شيكاغو مكان الدفن اوك وودس مقبرة [لغات أخرى] الجنسية الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عضو في ألفا فاي ألفا [لغات أخرى]&#...
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