The Manas Lake area is characterized by arid climate with hot summers; the average annual precipitation of merely 63.7 millimetres (2.51 in), as compared to the average annual evaporation of 3,110.5 millimetres (122.46 in); which means that without an inflow of water from outside, the lake's water level can drop very quickly. Over the second half of the 20th century and the early years of the 21st century, it went through the cycle of shrinking, drying up, recovering, or existing as an intermittent lake.[2]
Geological history
According to the research by Chinese geologists, area occupied by today's Manas Lake was in the past part of a much large lake, the Old Manas Lake, which exited in the northwestern part of the Dzungarian Basin. It is believed that the Old Manas Lake was formed in the Early Pleistocene and existed throughout the Early Quaternary. Due to tectonic movements in the Middle Quaternary, many important rivers that used to flow to the Old Manas Lake started flowing elsewhere. The Irtysh now flows toward the Arctic Ocean, and the Ulungur River ends in the Ulungur Lake; the Maqiao River, south of Lake Manas, does not reach it either.[1]
As the Old Manas Lake lost most of its water sources, its water level dropped in the Late Quaternary, and it split into several lakes including the Manas Lake, the Ailik Lake (which presently is the end point of the Baiyang River), and the Alan Nur.[1]
According to the early 20th century maps, a large lake in the region of today's Manas Lake was the Alan Nur
(Chinese: 阿雅尔诺尔; pinyin: Āyǎ'ěr Nuò'ěr, or (Chinese: 艾兰诺尔; pinyin: Àilán Nuò'ěr,[3] located to the west of today's Manas Lake (45°42′00″N85°23′00″E / 45.70000°N 85.38333°E / 45.70000; 85.38333); that was the lake into which the Manas River flowed.[1]
Earlier (in 18th-19th centuries) the Alan Nur would receive, besides the Manas, also the waters of the Hutubi River (呼图壁河) and Santun River (三屯河).
These two rivers flow from the Tian Shan into the Dzungarian Basin in Hutubi and Changji Counties; nowadays, they disappear in the desert a long distance away from the Manas Lake, but in the period under consideration they would merge and reach the Alan Nur.[3]
Even though the Manas River flowed into the Alan Nur, the lake now known as the Manas Lake existed as well; it was fed primarily by streams coming from the northern rim of the Zhungarian Basin[1] (i.e., from the Saur Mountains); this is indicated by old alluvial fans still existing at the pertinent locations.[1]
In the 1950s and early 1960s, large scale development of irrigated agriculture started in the upper and middle reaches of the Manas River (the Shihezi/Manas County region, the area where the river leaves the Tian Shan and enters the Zhungarian Basin). The Manas River Irrigation District had been fully in that area by 1962; the system was designed to use up to 1.36 cubic kilometres (0.33 cu mi) of water per year. As a result, little water flowed in the Manas River downstream of the district, and even less reached the Manas Lake, let alone the Alan Nur.[4][5][6]
Consequently, the Alan Nur, whose water surface still occupied the area of 238 square kilometres (92 sq mi) in the 1950s, had completely dried up by the 1960s. Now it is a bare plain of saline soil, at the elevation of 261–263 m above the sea level.[1]
The Manas Lake is now reached by the waters of the eponymous river only intermittently, but the lake also receives water from seasonal streams flowing from the Saur Mountains at the northern edge of the Dzungarian Basin; besides, it is fed by ground water. The Manas Lake's bed is at about 247 m above the level, and its water surface, at 253–255 m above the level.[1]
According to Chinese researchers, the recent history of the Manas Lake and its neighbors can be divided into two stages. From the late 1950s and until 1999 (for the Manas Lake and the Alan Nur) or 2001 (for the Ailik and the Lesser Ailik), the lakes were shrinking or drying up. Since 1999 (for the Manas and the Alan Nur) or 2001 (the two Ailiks), the lakes have entered the stage of at least partial recovery,[4] which (especially for the Ailiks) is related to the arrival of the Irtysh water into the Baiyang River over the Irtysh–Karamay Canal.[7]
^ abZhang, Li (张莉); Li, Youli (李有利) (2004), "近300年来新疆玛纳斯湖变迁研究 (On the changes of Manas Lake in the past 300 years)", 中国历史地理论丛 - Collections of Essays on Chinese Historical Geography, 19 (4): 127–142 (English abstract on p. 160)
