Pape Mamadou Mbodj was born in Dakar, Senegal.[2] He was playing with football club Dakar Sacré-Cœur until the 2014. While playing for Dakar Sacré-Cœur, he was selected to be part of the Senegalese U-20 squad at the 2013 Jeux de la Francophonie.[3]
From 2016 season was member of FK Žalgiris Vilnius. After 2018 season he left Lithuanian club.[7]
On 8 December 2018, Mbodj signed for Neftçi PFK on a 2.5-year contract.[8] On 7 June 2021, Mbodj extended his contract with Neftçi until 31 May 2023.[9] On 19 December 2022, Mbodj left Neftçi by mutual consent having scored 9 goals in 94 games for the club.[10]