Chinese Jin dynasty general (died 310)
Luo Shang (died c.August 310[1]), courtesy name Jingzhi, also called Luo Zhong, courtesy name Jingzhen, was a Chinese military general and politician of the Jin dynasty. In 300, the Jin court appointed him the Inspector of Yizhou and sent him to quell the rebellion of the previous officeholder, Zhao Xin. However, before Luo Shang arrived in the province, the refugee leader, Li Te, had ousted Zhao Xin from power. Luo Shang and Li Te attempted to coexist, but due to conflicting interests, the two men went to war with each other in 301. In 304, Li Te's son, Li Xiong, drove him out from provincial capital, Chengdu, allowing the Li clan to establish the Cheng-Han dynasty in the Ba and Shu regions. Luo Shang continued to resist Cheng-Han from Ba Commandery (巴郡; present-day Chongqing), but after his death in 310, Cheng was able to consolidate its power in southwest China.
Early life and career
Luo Shang was from Xiangyang and his father Luo Shi (羅式), who was Administrator of Zangke,[2] died when he was still very young. Luo Shang was thus adopted by his uncle Luo Xian, the famed general of Shu Han who defended Yong'an from 30,000 Eastern Wu soldiers. Luo Shang inherited his uncle's talents in writing articles and found himself a position as Army Adviser under the Inspector of Jingzhou, Wang Rong. He partook in Jin's conquest of Wu in 279, in which he was ordered to attack Wuchang. Towards the end of the Tai'kang era (280-289) of Emperor Wu's reign, he was appointed as Inspector of Liangzhou.[3]
Inspector of Yizhou
Establishing ties with Li Te
In 300, during the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin, the Inspector of Yizhou, Zhao Xin rebelled against Jin in hopes of starting his own state. Hearing this, Luo Shang quickly wrote a petition to the Jin court volunteering himself to put down the rebellion. The court agreed, and Luo Shang was made the new Inspector of Yizhou.[4] However, Luo Shang would not be the one to defeat Zhao Xin, rather it was a Ba-Di refugee named Li Te, who had originally joined Zhao but later turned on him. Along the way to Chengdu the following year, Luo Shang was openly welcomed by Li Te and presented with gifts. Luo Shang accepted the gifts and later made Li Te's brother, Li Xiang as his Cavalry Commander. However, Luo Shang's advisors, Xin Ran (辛冉) and Wang Dun (王敦, not to be confused with the more famous Wang Dun), objected to his decisions and cautioned him against Li Te. Luo Shang chose to ignore them, but suspicion between the two sides persisted.[5]
Refugee issue in Yizhou
Later in 301, the Jin court in Luoyang issued an order to all refugees in Yizhou to return north to their original homes in Yongzhou and Qinzhou (秦州, modern eastern Gansu). Many of the refugees refused to abide this as they received news that the north was still in disarray. Li Te decided to send his subordinate Yan Shi (閻式) along with bribes to Luo Shang to negotiate their stay until autumn, which Luo Shang permitted. As autumn approached, Luo Shang began making preparations to send the refugees back, but the refugees were still reluctant to leave. Li Te sent Yan Shi again to negotiate with Luo Shang but this time he did not permit.[6] Luo Shang's popularity deteriorated further after he followed Xin Ran's advice of introducing checkpoints in Zitong to confiscate goods held by the refugees, with the reasoning that the refugees had stolen the goods from Chengdu when ousting Zhao Xin.[7]
Li Te had Yan Shi meet with Luo Shang for one last time, but was once more fruitless. Meanwhile, Xin Ran, frustrated at Li Te's persistence, started placing bounties on Li Te's family, but Li Te used this against him by editing the notices to make it seem that he also wanted the other major refugee families dead. The notices caused many of the refugees to band themselves with Li Te for protection, allowing him to amass a large under him. At this point, war between Li Te and Luo Shang was inevitable.[8]
War with Li Te
Early defeats
Luo Shang's side would be the first to act, although without his knowledge. Xin Ran and Li Bi (李苾) personally ordered Ceng Yuan (曾元) and others to attack Li Te's camp. After being informed, Luo Shang backed their decision and sent Tian Zuo (田佐) to strengthen their attack. However, Li Te routed Luo Shang's forces and sent their generals' heads as a warning.[9] Li Te then proceeded to attack Guanghan Commandery (廣漢郡; around present-day Guanghan, Sichuan) where Xin Ran was based. Luo Shang ordered Li Bi and Fei Yuan (費遠) to rescue Xin Ran but they were defeated. The county soon fell, and Xin Ran fled to Deyang County as Li Te's forces advanced to Chengdu.
Luo Shang's unpopular administration had caused many people to support Li Te over him. Because of this, Luo Shang decided to heavily rely on his defences, fortifying it and fighting Li Te to a stalemate. Meanwhile, he also called for reinforcements from Liangzhou. The following year, aid arrived in the form of Ya Bo (衙博), who marched into Zitong, so Luo Shang coordinated with Ya Bo by sending Zhang Gui (張龜) to Fancheng. However, Zhang Gui was defeated by Li Te while Ya Bo was forced into retreating by Li Te's son, Li Dang. After this victory, Li Te challenged Luo Shang's position of Inspector of Yizhou by proclaiming himself the Governor of Yizhou.
The armies of Li Liu and Li Xiang arrived at the outskirts of Chengdu later that year. Luo Shang sent an army to fight him, but they were routed. Luo Shang had his general Zhang Xing (張興) to feign surrender and scout Li Te's army. Once he returned and informed Luo Shang, Zhang Xing went back to Li Te's camp with thousands of Luo Shang's strongest soldiers during the night. They killed Li Pan (李攀) and routed Li Xiang, but Li Xiang returned with Li Liu's army to defeat Zhang Xing. Many of Luo Shang's men died that night, and most their equipment were abandoned.[10]
Ambushing Li Te
In early 303, Li Te also arrived and took the Lesser City section of Chengdu. After Te declared a new reign era, Luo Shang sent his agents to negotiate peace with Te. Many of Li Te's generals doubted Luo Shang's intentions, but he ignored their concerns and thought nothing more. While they were discussing, Jin forces from Jingzhou led by Sun Fu (孫阜) and Zong Dai (宗岱) made their way to Yizhou to help Luo Shang. It was then when Luo Shang's subordinate, Ren Rui (任叡) proposed to him a plan to ambush Li Te. One night, Luo Shang and Ren Rui secretly slipped out of the city. Ren Rui then went to the fortifications around Chengdu to share his plans and get the local leaders to join. Ren Rui later surrendered to Li Te and lied to him about Luo Shang's situation. Finally, Li Te, believing Ren Rui's excuse of wanting to see his family, allowed him to return to Chengdu, where Ren revealed to Luo about important information he received from Li Te. In February or March 303, Luo Shang and the fortification leaders ambushed Li Te's camp. Li Te fought desperately for two days but died in the end alongside Li Fu (李輔) and Li Yuan (李遠). Luo Shang had their bodies burnt and sent their heads to the capital.[11]
War with Li Liu and Li Xiong
War with Li Liu
Li Te's sudden death rocked the rebel army. Many of their generals did not know what to do, so they retreated to Chizu (赤祖, in present day Mianzhu, Sichuan), where they elected Li Te's brother Li Liu as the new leader. Luo Shang took advantage of the confusion by sending He Chong (何沖) and Chang Shen (常深) to attack Chizu. A native named Yao Shen (藥紳) also rose up in support of Luo Shang. As the two sides fought, the Di chieftains, Fu Cheng (苻成) and Kui Bo (隗伯) defected over to He Chong. Li Liu's camp was on the verge of falling but against all odds, Li Liu managed to not only repel Luo Shang's forces, but also the traitors within his camp. Li Liu capitalised on his victory by putting Chengdu under siege.[12]
Sun Fu and Zong Dai's reinforcements did not arrive as Sun Fu was defeated by Li Xiong and Zong Dai died of natural causes. Luo Shang's subordinate Xu Yu (徐轝) begged him to ally with the Taoist hermit at Mount Qingcheng, Fan Changsheng, as he had thousands of families under his wing. Luo Shang refused, and this backfired as Xu Yu defected in anger to Li Liu, who told Liu about Changsheng. As a result, Li Liu was able to restock his supplies to continue fighting.[13]
War with Li Xiong
Li Liu died during the winter of 303. Before his death, he chose his nephew, Li Te's son Li Xiong to succeed him. Upon his succession, Li Xiong sent a man named Pu Tai (朴泰) to trick Luo Shang into attacking Picheng (郫城, in present-day Pixian County, Sichuan). Luo Shang ordered Kui Bo to attack the city during the night but he was defeated by Li Xiang. Li Xiang then led his army to Chengdu and pretended to be Kui Bo by shouting at the gates, "We had already taken Picheng!" As it was too dark, Luo Shang believed he was Kui Bo and allowed them entry into the city. Before he could realize, Li Xiang and his men had already swarmed into the Lesser City. Luo Shang holed himself up in the Greater City section of Chengdu.[14]
Li Xiong intensified his attack on Chengdu. Luo Shang's food supply had been cut off after Li Xiang captured Qianwei, leaving the city with little to no ration. In 304, Luo Shang entrusted Zhang Luo (張羅) to hold the city while he fled during the night. However, Chengdu eventually fell to Li Xiong, allowing him to officially break away from Jin and form his state of Cheng. Luo Shang reached Jiangyang, where he sent a letter to the Jin court about the situation in Yizhou. He also asked the Inspector of Jingzhou, Liu Hong for supplies.[15]
Commanding from Ba Commandery
With the fall of Chengdu, Luo Shang based himself at Ba Commandery. He sent his men to raid the Shu region and captured Li Xiang's wife Lady Zan (昝氏) and their child Li Shou in the process.[16] By 307, Luo Shang had established his camps and defenses around Yizhou. As many were fleeing from Jingzhou to Yizhou at the time, he set up new counties and commanderies for the refugees to settle in to dissuade them from returning. Despite his early failures, the court rewarded Luo Shang with Cavalier In Regular Attendance and Commander of Yizhou and Liangzhou in 308.
Campaign against Cheng (309–310)
In 309, Luo Shang began a campaign against Cheng after he received the surrender of Zitong Commandery. Li Xiong sent Li Xiang, Li Yun (李雲) and Li Huang (李璜) to retake the commandery, but Luo Shang defeated them and killed Li Yun and Li Huang.[17] Meanwhile, the Jin general, Qiao Deng, was marching west to attack Cheng and asked Luo Shang for troops, but he refused. Despite his rejection, Qiao Deng went ahead and captured Fucheng County from Cheng. Luo Shang also sent Xiang Fen (向奮) to camp at Anhan (安漢, in present-day Nanchong, Sichuan), where Li Xiong attacked him but to no avail. In 310, Luo Shang received the surrender of Baxi Commandery (巴西郡; in present-day Langzhong, Sichuan) from Wen Shi (文石).[18]
Death and aftermath
Luo Shang died of natural causes in August 310 while his campaign was still ongoing, and his office of Inspector of Yizhou was succeeded by Pi Su (皮素).[19] Despite the string of victories in 309 and early 310, Cheng was able to change the tide in the following months of 310. Before Luo Shang's death, Cheng's general, Zhang Bao (張寶), recaptured Zitong after feigning a surrender. Following his death, infighting began among the Jin generals. While Pi Su made his way to Ba, Luo Shang's son, Luo Yu (羅宇), who hated Qiao Deng, refused to send supplies to Fucheng. Pi Su was furious when he heard of Luo Yu's actions and wanted to punish him once he arrived in Ba. However, after arriving, Luo Yu killed Pi Su, and Luo Yu was then killed by the Commandant of Jianping, Bao Zhong (暴重).
Cheng took advantage of the situation in Ba to recover their lost territories. In c.February 311, Cheng reclaimed Baxi Commandery and Fucheng County, reversing Luo Shang's gains from the two previous years.[20]
References
- ^ Vol.87 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded that Luo Shang died in the 7th month of the 4th year of the Yong'jia era of the reign of Emperor Huai of Jin. The month corresponds to 12 Aug to 9 Sep 310 in the Julian calendar.
- ^ (父式，牂柯太守。) Jin Shu, vol.57
- ^ (尚少孤，依叔父憲。善屬文。荊州刺史王戎以尚及劉喬為參軍，並委任之。太康末，為梁州刺史。) Jin Shu, vol.57
- ^ (初，梁州刺史羅尚聞廞反，表：「廞非雄才，又蜀人不願為亂，必無同者，事終無成，敗亡可計日而俟。」惠帝因拜尚平西將軍，假節，領護西夷校尉，益州刺史，給衛節兵一千，梁州兵二千，又配上庸都尉義部千五百人，合四千五百人。) Huayang Guozhi, vol.7.5
- ^ (特等聞尚來，甚懼，使弟驤奉迎。厚進寶物。尚以驤為騎督。特、流奉牛酒勞尚於綿竹。王敦說尚曰：「特等隴上塞盜劫賊，會所殺之。〔軍無後患也。〕」辛冉本趙王倫所用，非資次，召當還，欲〔以〕討廞「以自新」〔自為功〕，亦言之。尚不納。) Huayang Guozhi, vol.7.5
- ^ (特遣天水閻式累詣尚，求弛領校，權停至秋。並進貨賂於尚、該。許之。及秋，又求至冬。辛冉、李苾以為不可，必欲移之。) Huayang Guozhi, vol.7.5
- ^ (冉、苾又白尚：「流民前廞亂際，多所枉沒。宜因移，設關以奪取。」秋七月，尚移書梓潼，所在抱關。八月，關皆城。) Huayang Guozhi, vol.7.5
- ^ (冉大怒，遣人分榜通逵，購募特兄弟，許以重賞。特見，大懼，悉取以歸，與驤改其購云：「能送六郡之豪李、任、閻、趙、楊、上官及氐、叟侯王一首，賞百匹。」) Jin Shu, Volume 120
- ^ (乃遣廣漢都尉曾元、牙門張顯、劉並等潛率步騎三萬襲特營。羅尚聞之，亦遣督護田佐助元。特素知之，乃繕甲厲兵，戒嚴以待之。元等至，特安臥不動，待其眾半入，發伏擊之，殺傷者甚眾，害田佐、曾元、張顯，傳首以示尚、冉。) Jin Shu, vol.120
- ^ (尚遣將張興偽降於驤，以觀虛實。時驤軍不過二千人，興夜歸白尚，尚遣精勇萬人銜枚隨興夜襲驤營。李攀逆戰死，驤及將士奔於流柵，與流並力回攻尚軍。尚軍亂，敗還者十一二。) Jin Shu, vol.120
- ^ (益州從事任明說尚曰：「特既凶逆，侵暴百姓，又分人散眾，在諸村堡，驕怠無備，是天亡之也。可告諸村，密克期日，內外擊之，破之必矣。」尚從之。明先偽降特，特問城中虛實，明曰：「米穀已欲盡，但有貨帛耳。」因求省家，特許之。明潛說諸村，諸村悉聽命。還報尚，尚許如期出軍，諸村亦許一時赴會... 尚遣大眾奄襲特營，連戰二日，眾少不敵，特軍大敗，收合餘卒，引趣新繁。尚軍引還，特復追之，轉戰三十餘里，尚出大軍逆戰，特軍敗績，斬特及李輔、李遠，皆焚屍，傳首洛陽。) Jin Shu, vol.120
- ^ (三月，羅尚遣督護何沖、常深攻李流，涪陵民藥紳亦起兵攻流。流與李驤拒紳，何沖乘虛攻北營，氐苻成、隗伯在營中，叛應之... 會流等破深、紳，引兵還，與沖戰，大破之。成、伯率其黨突出詣尚。流等乘勝進抵成都，尚復閉城自守。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.85
- ^ (涪陵人范長生率千餘家依青城山，尚參軍涪陵徐轝求為汶山太守，欲要結長生等，與尚掎角討流。尚不許，轝怨之，求使江西，遂降於流，說長生等使資給流軍糧。長生從之，故流軍復振。) Jin Shu, vol.120
- ^ (雄使武都朴泰譎尚曰：「李驤與雄，以飢餓孤危，日鬥爭相咎。驤欲將民江西食穀。若潛軍來，我為內應，可得也。」尚以為然，大與金寶，泰曰：「今事故未立，效後取，不晚也。」又求遣人自隨覘伺。尚從之。泰要：發火，遣隗伯諸軍攻郫。驤使「道」設伏〔導〕，以長梯上伯軍。伯軍見火起，皆爭緣梯。雄因放兵擊之，大破尚軍。雄徑追退，夜至城下，稱萬歲，曰：「已得郫城矣。」入少城，尚乃覺，保「太」〔大〕城。) Huayang Guozhi, vol.8.7
- ^ (永興元年，春正月，尚至江陽，〔遣〕軍司辛寶詣洛表狀。詔書權統巴東、巴郡、涪陵三郡，供其軍賦。〔二年[月]，都督荊州軍事劉弘，運米三萬斛助尚。〕) Huayang Guozhi, Volume 8.8
- ^ (羅尚移屯巴郡，遣兵掠蜀中，獲李驤妻昝氏及子壽。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 85
- ^ (天水人訇琦等殺成太尉李離、尚書令閻式，以梓潼降羅尚；成主雄遣太傅驤、司徒雲、司空璜攻之，不克，雲、璜戰死。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 87
- ^ (時李國鎮巴西，其帳下文碩又殺國，以巴西降尚。) Jin Shu, vol.121
- ^ (秋七月，尚薨於巴郡... 詔書除長沙太守「下邳」皮素「泰昆」為益州刺史，兼西夷校尉、揚烈將軍，領義募人及平西「將」軍。) Huayang Guozhi, vol.7.8
- ^ ([永嘉]五年，春正月，李驤破涪城，獲登。巴西、梓潼復為雄有... ) Huayang Guozhi, vol.8.9. The month corresponds to 5 Feb to 5 Mar 311 in the Julian calendar.
