Longyan

For the fruit, see Longan.

Longyan 龙岩市 Lungyen
Prefecture-level city
Clockwise from top: Longyan City, Chuxi tulou cluster in Yongding District, the ancient city walls in Changting County, Zhangdi village, and a night view from inside a tulou.
Longyan Show map of Fujian Longyan Show map of China
Coordinates (Longyan municipal government): 25°04′34″N 117°01′01″E
Country	China
Province	Fujian
Municipal seat	Xinluo
Area [1]
• Prefecture-level city	19,069 km^2 (7,363 sq mi)
Population  (2020)
• Prefecture-level city	2,723,627
• Density	140/km^2 (370/sq mi)
• Urban	1,712,623
GDP[2]
• Prefecture-level city	CN¥ 287 billion US$ 41.6 billion
• Per capita	CN¥ 105,548 US$ 16,575
Time zone	UTC+08:00 (CST)
Postal code	364000, 366000
Area code	597
ISO 3166 code	CN-FJ-08
License plate	闽F
Administrative division code	350800
Local dialect	Longyan Min and Hakka Chinese
Website	Longyan.gov.cn

Longyan (simplified Chinese: 龙岩; traditional Chinese: 龍巖; pinyin: Lóngyán^ⓘ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lêng-nâ or Liong-nâ; lit. 'dragon rock'; Hakka: Liùng-ngàm; Longyan dialect: Liông-nâ [liɔŋ˩nã˩]) is a prefecture-level city in south-western Fujian Province, China, bordering Guangdong to the south and Jiangxi to the west.

History

In 736 AD (during the Tang dynasty), the prefecture of Tingzhou was established in western Fujian, or Minxi (闽西), administering Changting, Huanglian and Xinluo counties. Six years later Xinluo was named Longyan for the nearby cavern, a famous scenic site.^[3]

Due to the ancient conflicts in central China and aggression from northern tribes, many Han people moved from central China to Longyan.

in 1734, the Hokkien-speaking counties of Longyan city and Zhangping were ceded from Zhangzhou to form the Longyan Prefecture within the Hakka peasant Tingzhou prefecture, a typical Hakka peasant society culturally distinct from the Minnanese by the imperial court. In 1913, it reverted to its former name Longyan County and in 1981, Longyan City was established.

Minxi was a strategic base during the Chinese Civil War.

It is said^{[by whom?]} that tens of thousands of people were recruited from the Hakka peasantry from the western Longyan to join the PLA during the Chinese Civil War, and nearly every Hakka family had someone sacrificed lives on behalf of CCP side especially during Mao's early purges in Tingzhou and Ganzhou which killed roughly 700,0000 Hakka people and some ethnic minorities. There are more than 26,000 locals that took part in the Long March which in total was carried out by 86,000. Moreover, during 1955 and 1968, 68 people from Longyan were awarded Brigadier General or above, which accounts for 82% of all generals from Fujian province at the time, therefore, Longyan is also named as "The Home of Generals".^{[citation needed]}

Environment

Unlike many Chinese cities, the forest coverage of Longyan reaches an unusually high 77.9%, which is unparalleled in Fujian province.^[4] Meihuashan National Nature Reserve, a part of the China Biosphere Reserve Network, is located in Longyan.

Goby Rhinogobius longyanensis was first described from Longyan and named after it.^[5] Presumably also the prehistoric bivalve Claraia longyanensis got its name from Longyan.^[6]

Geography and climate

Longyan is situated in the upper reaches of the Jiulong and Ting Rivers. It borders the prefecture-level cities of Sanming to the north, Quanzhou to the east, Zhangzhou to the southeast, Meizhou (Guangdong) to the southwest, and Ganzhou (Jiangxi) to the west and northwest.^[7]

Longyan has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with short, mild winters, and long, hot and humid summers. Despite its inland location, the city's summers rank among the mildest in the province, averaging lower than even Xiamen and the islands of Pingtan County, both of which receive significant maritime moderation.^[8] Rainfall is greatest in spring and early summer and at its least in autumn and early winter.

Climate data for Longyan, elevation 376 m (1,234 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	28.1 (82.6)	29.8 (85.6)	31.5 (88.7)	33.9 (93.0)	35.0 (95.0)	37.5 (99.5)	39.0 (102.2)	37.1 (98.8)	36.6 (97.9)	35.2 (95.4)	34.6 (94.3)	28.1 (82.6)	39.0 (102.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	17.9 (64.2)	19.2 (66.6)	21.5 (70.7)	25.6 (78.1)	28.7 (83.7)	30.8 (87.4)	33.2 (91.8)	32.8 (91.0)	31.2 (88.2)	27.9 (82.2)	23.9 (75.0)	19.3 (66.7)	26.0 (78.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)	12.2 (54.0)	13.8 (56.8)	16.4 (61.5)	20.5 (68.9)	23.7 (74.7)	26.0 (78.8)	27.4 (81.3)	26.9 (80.4)	25.5 (77.9)	22.1 (71.8)	18.0 (64.4)	13.2 (55.8)	20.5 (68.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	8.4 (47.1)	10.3 (50.5)	13.0 (55.4)	16.9 (62.4)	20.2 (68.4)	22.8 (73.0)	23.6 (74.5)	23.3 (73.9)	21.8 (71.2)	17.9 (64.2)	13.8 (56.8)	9.3 (48.7)	16.8 (62.2)
Record low °C (°F)	−1.9 (28.6)	−0.8 (30.6)	−0.9 (30.4)	5.6 (42.1)	12.1 (53.8)	15.4 (59.7)	19.4 (66.9)	17.7 (63.9)	13.8 (56.8)	6.0 (42.8)	1.4 (34.5)	−3.0 (26.6)	−3.0 (26.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	68.5 (2.70)	95.6 (3.76)	177.4 (6.98)	190.6 (7.50)	260.4 (10.25)	331.0 (13.03)	179.2 (7.06)	235.7 (9.28)	134.2 (5.28)	46.8 (1.84)	45.3 (1.78)	48.0 (1.89)	1,812.7 (71.35)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	8.9	11.9	17.2	16.6	18.0	19.4	15.5	17.6	12.0	5.7	6.2	7.1	156.1
Average snowy days	0.2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.2
Average relative humidity (%)	72	75	77	77	77	79	75	78	75	70	70	71	75
Mean monthly sunshine hours	122.5	98.0	92.3	107.5	118.7	129.7	202.5	184.2	170.0	176.6	156.6	145.3	1,703.9
Percent possible sunshine	37	31	25	28	29	32	49	46	47	50	48	44	39
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[9][10]
Source 2: Weather China[8]

Demographics

The prefecture-level city of Longyan had a population of 2,559,545 inhabitants as of 2010, according to the 2010 National Census.^[11] The population of Longyan in 2010 was 4.65% inferior than in 2000 (when the inhabitants of the city stand at 2,684,310), giving an average annual rate of growth of -0.47%.^[11]

Administration

The municipal executive, legislature, and judiciary are in Xinluo District (新罗区), together with the CPC and Public Security Bureau.^[12] The information about population uses the 2010 Census data.

Map
Xinluo District Yongding District Zhangping City Changting County Liancheng County Shanghang County Wuping County
English name	Simplified	Pinyin	Hakka	Area	Population	Density
Xinluo District	新罗区	Xīnluó Qū	Sîn-lò-khî	2,685	662,429	247
Yongding District	永定区	Yǒngdìng Qū	Yún-thin-khî	2,216	362,658	164
Zhangping City	漳平市	Zhāngpíng Shì	Chông-phìn-sṳ	2,975	240,194	81
Changting County	长汀县	Chángtīng Xiàn	Tshòng-tin-yen	3,099	393,390	127
Liancheng County	连城县	Liánchéng Xiàn	Lièn-sàng-yen	2,596	248,645	96
Shanghang County	上杭县	Shàngháng Xiàn	Sông-hông-yen	2,879	374,047	130
Wuping County	武平县	Wǔpíng Xiàn	Vú-phìn-yen	2,630	278,182	106

Culture

Exterior and interior views of a Fujian tulou from Longyan. They are traditional type of communal home used by the Hakka people.

Longyan is inhabited by Hoklo people and Hakka peasants. The Hoklo people live in the urban areas and cities of Xinluo and Zhangping districts in the eastern Longyan prefecture and speak Longyan Min while Hakka peasants live in rural village areas of the countryside of the western part of the prefecture, making western Longyan famous for being named as the "Home of Hakka People".^[4] The rural county of Changting is often referred to as the home of the Hakka, while the Ting River is known as the "mother river" of the Hakka people.

Longyan is a recent artificial construct of the Chinese government, having never been united together before the creation of Modern China. The two culturally distinct and separate Hoklo eastern city areas and Hakka western rural peasant areas have almost nothing in common in terms of language, culture and living habits, and were only forcibly merged into a single administrative region recently in history by the communist government.

Economy

Longyan serves as a strategic center for the distribution of goods to Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. It also acts as a gateway for trade with Guangdong and Jiangxi province. It is the main connection between the inland and coastal area.

Longyan is rich in natural resources such as important mineral deposits and forest zones. The Septwolves tobacco business is an important contributor to the local economy, as is the Zijin Mining group. The largest construction equipment maker Lonking Holdings is based in the city.

Transport

Longyan railway station

• Liancheng Guanzhaishan Airport
• The main railway station is Longyan railway station, which is a junction between the Longyan-Xiamen Railway (high-speed line opened in 2012), Ganzhou–Longyan Railway, and Zhangping–Longchuan railway.
• China National Highway 319
• G76 Xiamen–Chengdu Expressway

Notable people from Longyan

• Zheng Xiaoying (b. 1929), the very first woman conductor in China.
• Chen Hong (b. 1979), number 1 badminton player on the world-ranking list from 2002 to 2003.
• Deng Zihui (1896–1972), former Chinese vice premier (1951–1965), one of the top leaders of the Chinese Communist Party.
• Huang Kunming (b. 1956), member of the 19th Politburo of China Communist Party.
• Lin Dan (b. 1983), gold medalist at the 2012 and 2008 Summer Olympics, top-ranked badminton player on the world ranking list from 2004 to 2008.
• Ong Schan Tchow (1900–1945), artist whose exhibitions in China and South-eastern Asia raised funds for the war relief effort and civilian victims of the Second Sino-Japanese War
• Shi Zhiyong (b. 1980), weightlifter, gold medalist at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
• Yang Chengwu (1914–2004), general of the People's Liberation Army.
• Zeng Jinyan (b. 1983), blogger and human rights activist.
• Zhang Dingcheng (1898 – December 16, 1981), Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate from 1954 to 1975.^[13]
• Zhang Xiangxiang (b. 1983), weightlifter, gold medalist at the 2008 Summer Olympics and bronze medalist at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
• Zhang Yiming (b. 1983), Internet entrepreneur, founder of ByteDance, second-richest person in China.
• Lin Shen (b. 1980), actor, born in Beijing with ancestral roots in Longyan.
• Wang Xing (b. 1979), Internet entrepreneur, founder of Meituan-Dianping.

See also

• Fujian tulou
• Longyan University

References

1. 2008年行政区划 (in Simplified Chinese). Longyan Municipal Statistic Bureau. 2009-06-05. Retrieved 2009-12-08.
2. 福建省统计局、国家统计局福建调查总队 (August 2021). 《福建统计年鉴－2021》. 中国统计出版社. ISBN 978-7-5037-9510-7. Archived from the original on 2022-03-01. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
3. Longyan GoverNment. "Longyan History". Longyan Government.
4. 市情特点. Longyan People's Government.
5. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Rhinogobius longyanensis". FishBase. August 2013 version.
6. "†Claraia longyanensis Chen 1976 (clam)". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
7. Longyan GoverNment. "Natural Geography". Longyan Government.
8. 龙岩城市介绍. Weather China (in Chinese (China)).
9. 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
10. 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
11. (in Chinese) Longyan Statistic Bureau. Data from the Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China
12. Longyan Government. "Administrative Division". Longyan Government.
13. "Wilson Center Digital Archive". digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 2021-05-31.

External links

• English Guide to Longyan
• Government website of Longyan (in Chinese)
• Longyan University
• Guide to Longyan Tour Sites
• Fujian's Hakka Earthen Roundhouses
• Website of Longyan (in Chinese)