Genus of flowering plants in the borage family Boraginaceae
Lithospermum genus of plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae . The genus is distributed nearly worldwide, but most are native to the Americas and the center of diversity is in the southwestern United States and Mexico .[ 2] gromwells or stoneseeds .
Taxonomy
Plants of the World Online currently accepts 84 species.[ 3] [ 4] [ 5] Onosmodium is included within Lithospermum .[ 2]
Species
84 species are accepted.[ 3] [ 4] [ 6] [ 7]
Lithospermum affine DC. Lithospermum afromontanum Weim. Lithospermum album (G.L.Nesom) J.I.Cohen Lithospermum altamiranense Pat.-Sicil., Cohen & Pérez-Calix Lithospermum astienzae Pat.-Sicil., Cohen & Pérez-Calix Lithospermum azuayense Weigend & Nürk [ 8] Lithospermum barbigerum (I.M.Johnst.) J.I.Cohen Lithospermum berlandieri I.M.Johnst. Lithospermum bolivariense Weigend & Nürk [ 8] Lithospermum calcicola B.L.Rob. Lithospermum californicum A.Gray – California stoneseedLithospermum calycosum (J.F.Macbr.) I.M.Johnst. – Chinati stoneseed or roundleaf stoneseedLithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. – hoary puccoon, Indian-paintLithospermum caroliniense (J.F.Gmel.) MacMill. – Carolina gromwell, hairy puccoon
Lithospermum chiapense J.I.Cohen Lithospermum chihuahuanum J.I.Cohen Lithospermum cinerascens (A.DC.) I.M.Johnst. Lithospermum cinereum DC. Lithospermum cobrense Greene – smooththroat stoneseedLithospermum confine I.M.Johnst. – Arizona stoneseedLithospermum confundum (B.L.Turner) J.I.Cohen Lithospermum cuneifolium Pers. Lithospermum cuzcoense Weigend & Nürk [ 8] Lithospermum decipiens (J.R.Allison) Weakley Lithospermum discolor M.Martens & Galeotti Lithospermum distichum Ortega Lithospermum diversifolium DC. Lithospermum dodrantale (I.M.Johnst.) J.I.Cohen Lithospermum elenae Pat.-Sicil., J.I.Cohen & Zamudio Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold & Zucc. – purple gromwell, red-root gromwell, 紫草 zicao (Pinyin : zǐcǎo), 紫草 murasaki･sō (Japanese )Lithospermum exsertum (D.Don) J.I.Cohen Lithospermum flavum Sessé & Moc. Lithospermum flexuosum Lehm. Lithospermum gayanum (Wedd.) I.M.Johnst. Lithospermum guatemalense Donn.Sm. Lithospermum hancockianum Oliv. Lithospermum helleri (Small) J.I.Cohen Lithospermum hirsutum E.Mey. ex DC. Lithospermum incisum Lehm. – narrowleaf stoneseed, fringed gromwellLithospermum indecorum I.M.Johnst. Lithospermum ireneae Pat.-Sicil., J.I.Cohen & Zamudio Lithospermum jimulcense I.M.Johnst. Lithospermum johnstonii J.I.Cohen Lithospermum kelloggianum J.I.Cohen Lithospermum latifolium Michx. – American stoneseedLithospermum leonotis (I.M.Johnst.) J.I.Cohen Lithospermum leymebambense Weigend & Nürk [ 8] Lithospermum macbridei I.M.Johnst. Lithospermum matamorense DC. – rough stoneseedLithospermum mediale I.M.Johnst. Lithospermum mirabile Small – San Antonio stoneseed or Parks' stoneseedLithospermum molle Michx.) Muhl. – softhair marbleseedLithospermum muelleri I.M.Johnst. Lithospermum multiflorum Torr. ex A.Gray – manyflowered stoneseedLithospermum nelsonii Greenm. Lithospermum notatum (I.M.Johnst.) J.I.Cohen Lithospermum oaxacanum (B.L.Turner) J.I.Cohen Lithospermum oblongifolium Greenm. Lithospermum obovatum J.F.Macbr. Lithospermum occidentale (Mack.) Weakley Lithospermum officinale L. – common gromwell, European stoneseedLithospermum papillosum Thunb. Lithospermum parviflorum Weakley, Witsell & D.Estes – eastern prairie marbleseedLithospermum peruvianum DC. Lithospermum pinetorum (I.M.Johnst.) J.I.Cohen Lithospermum pringlei I.M.Johnst. Lithospermum revolutum B.L.Rob. Lithospermum rodriguezii Weigend & Nürk [ 8] Lithospermum rosei (I.M.Johnst.) J.I.Cohen Lithospermum ruderale Douglas ex Lehm. – western stoneseed, Columbia puccoon, wayside gromwell, whiteweedLithospermum rzedowskii J.I.Cohen Lithospermum scabrum Thunb. Lithospermum strictum Lehm. Lithospermum subsetosum (Mack. & Bush) Weakley Lithospermum sylvestre J.I.Cohen & J.C.Manning Lithospermum tenerum J.I.Cohen Lithospermum thurberi (A.Gray) J.I.Cohen Lithospermum trinervium (Lehm.) J.I.Cohen Lithospermum tuberosum Rugel ex DC. – southern stoneseed, tuberous gromwellLithospermum tubuliflorum Greene Lithospermum turneri J.I.Cohen Lithospermum unicum (J.F.Macbr.) J.I.Cohen Lithospermum virginianum L. Lithospermum viride Greene – green stoneseed
Ecology
Lithospermum leaves are eaten by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera , such as the moth Ethmia pusiella L. officinale .
Uses
The dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon is a Chinese herbal medicine with various antiviral and biological activities, including inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).[ 9] [ 10] Lithospermum erythrorhizon Japan , where it has been traditionally used to make a purple dye . In southwestern North America, a species of this genus was used as a contraceptive by the Shoshone Native American tribe.[ 11]
Fossil record
7 petrified nutlets and nutlet fragments of a Lithospermum species have been described from the Late Miocene Ash Hollow Formation , Ogallala Group , five km south of Martin in Bennett County , South Dakota . †Lithospermum dakotense epidermal cell patterns to extant Lithospermum species. The fossil nutlets were preserved in various stages of maturity. The fossils closely resemble the nutlets of Lithospermum caroliniense Lithospermum incisum [ 12]
References
^ a b "Lithospermum L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science" . Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 30 July 2024 .^ a b Cohen, James I.; Davis, Jerrold I. (2009). "Nomenclatural changes in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) and related taxa following a reassessment of phylogenetic relationships". Brittonia . 61 (2): 101–111. Bibcode :2009Britt..61..101C . doi :10.1007/s12228-009-9082-z . S2CID 31935880 . ^ a b Lithospermum L.Plants of the World Online ^ a b "Lithospermum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 132. 1753" . Flora of China .^ Cohen, J. I., (2012). Comparative floral development in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) and implications for the evolution and development of heterostyly. American Journal of Botany 99(5), 797–805.
^ GRIN Species Records of Lithospermum . Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).^ Lithospermum .^ a b c d e Weigend, M., et al. (2010). Five new species of Lithospermum L.(Boraginaceae tribe Lithospermeae) in Andean South America: another radiation in the Amotape-Huancabamba zone. Taxon 59(4), 1161–1179.
^ Chen, X., et al. (2003). Shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine, inhibits chemokine receptor function and suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47(9), 2810–2816.
^ Gao, H., et al. (2011). Anti-adenovirus activities of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull . 34(2) 197–202.
^ "Health – Contraceptive, Indian Style". Chatelaine . June 1964. ^ Amer. J. Bot. 74(11): 1690-1693. 1987. A Fossil Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) from the Tertiary of South Dakota by Mark L. Gabel
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