Description: Boyle, in the form of a dialogue, argued that chemical theories should be firmly grounded in experiment before their acceptance, and for the foundation of chemistry as a science separate from medicine and alchemy.
Importance: Topic Creator, Influence. Boyle, in this book, became the first to argue that experiment should form the basis of all theory, a common practice in chemistry today. He also expounded on a rudimentary atomic theory and the existence of chemical elements beyond the classic earth, fire, air, and water.[5] He is seen as the father of chemistry,[6] and this is his most celebrated book,[7] with continued relevance to the present day.[8]
Traité Élémentaire de Chimie, 1789, available in English as Elementary Treatise of Chemistry
Description: This book was intended as an introduction to new theories in chemistry and as such, was one of the first Chemistry textbooks.[9]
Importance: Introduction, Influence. Aside from being one of the first chemistry textbooks, the book was one of the first to state the Law of conservation of mass, define a chemical element, and contain a list of known elements.[10][3]: 154 [11]: 410
Importance: Prior to this publication, a multitude of names were often used for the same substance. This publication led to an international consensus on how to name chemical substances.
Description: This book explained Dalton's theory of atoms and its applications to chemistry.
Importance: The book was one of the first to describe a modern atomic theory, a theory that lies at the basis of modern chemistry.[3]: 251 It is the first to introduce a table of atomic and molecular weights.[11]: 437 Surprisingly, given the period in which the book was written, of the five properties of atoms that Dalton listed, only two have been shown to be incorrect.
The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements
Description and Importance: In this paper the periodic table was introduced.[3]: 438
Notice that the table in the above link is the original one. Since then the table structure was slightly changed and new elements were added to it.
Thieme: Stuttgart, 48 volumes, 2000–2009 (print and electronic version available)
Description: Contains synthetic models selected by world-renowned experts, with full experimental procedures and background information. Considers methods from journals, books, and patent literature from the early 19th century up to the present day and presents important synthetic methods for all classes of compounds. Critically evaluates the preparative applicability and significance of the synthetic methods.
Description: A standard reference for the practicing organic chemist. These books are just enormous lists of key references indexed by functional group transformations.
Description: This book summarizes a series of publications (the first in 1965) by the Nobel Prize winning authors where they describe the mechanism of a series of pericyclic reactions based upon the conservation of orbital symmetry leading to what are now called the Woodward–Hoffmann rules.
Importance: The concepts outlined in this text changed the field of organic chemistry and ushered in the frontier molecular orbital theory approach toward understanding reactions.
Importance. A standard postgraduate text book for the study of total synthesis and a valuable reference work for experts. "..destined to become a classic itself".[15]
Description: A classic general textbook for an undergraduate
course in inorganic chemistry
Importance: This book is not only a good introduction to the subject, it was very different from earlier texts and "led to a
fundamental shift in the way in which inorganic chemistry was studied".[16] It seemed to be symbolic of the renaissance in inorganic chemistry starting in the 1950s. Every new text in inorganic chemistry since this text has had to respond to it.
Description: Unique very advanced and comprehensive coverage of every element known at the time by chapter describing all known compounds yet discovered or synthesised.
Approaches chemistry as the study of elements and compounds without the later emphasis on bond theory and analysis.
Importance: Inspired and instructed generations of English speaking scientists and students.
Chemistry of the Elements
N. N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw
Heinemann (later Elsevier), 1st Ed 1984, 2nd Ed 1997
Description: Unique comprehensive descriptive coverage of all the elements and their compounds, with a strong focus on 'real life' and industrial applications.
Importance: The most comprehensive one-volume text on inorganic chemistry available; a worthy successor to Taylor and Irving (see above).
Oxford University Press, 1st Ed. 1978, 10th Ed. 2014 (with Julio de Paula from 7th Ed. 2002)
Description: A classic general textbook for an undergraduate course in physical chemistry
Importance: This book is not only a good introduction to the subject, it was very different from earlier texts and altered the way physical chemistry was taught. The first edition was very widely used where English is the language of instruction. Other texts had to respond to the lead from Atkins. The current edition is the 10th edition.
Oxford University Press, 1st Ed. 1980, 2nd Ed. 2000
Description: An encyclopedic text and reference suitable for advanced undergraduate or graduate study.
Importance: This massive text by outstanding research workers begins with simple systems and proceeds logically to the more complex phenomena of physical chemistry. The original literature is cited extensively, making the work useful as a reference as well as a textbook. Many topics of current research are treated. Its advanced and exhaustive coverage of the field, together with extensive coverage of modern topics, eclipses the former champion, the text by E. A. Moelwyn-Hughes.
Methods in Physical Chemistry (Schäfer, Schmidt)
Rolf Schäfer, Peter C. Schmidt
Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012
Description: A broad overview of commonly used methods in physical chemistry and their practical aspects.
Importance: This book is designed for students, supporting them in the master and doctoral theses.
Description: In this paper the structure of DNA was proposed. It consisted of a double helix with a phosphate backbone, unlike Linus Pauling and R.B. Corey's double helix where the backbone consisted of the bases. They conclude with the sly remark: "It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material."
Description: The structure of the potassium channel is determined by X-ray crystallography. Access to the structure provided answers to central questions in biology, regarding the movement of ions across the cell membrane. In particular, the structure revealed the mechanism with by which these channels move potassium ions both quickly and selectively, reliably preventing similarly sized sodium ions from passing through.
Importance Breakthrough, Influence
Analytical chemistry
Statistics for Experimenters: An Introduction to Design, Data Analysis, and Model Building
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1st Edition 1978, 2nd Edition 2005 (ISBN978-0-471-71813-0)
Description: Starting with examples comparing two sets of experimental data, this text explains variance and the calculation of standard deviations, degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis and the "Student's" t-Test by William J. Gosset. Further chapters discuss the importance of randomization and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) using F distributions before delving into the use of statistically designed experiments including block and factorial designs. The book finishes with least squares regression analysis along with response surface and mechanistic modeling.
Importance: Although almost devoid of classical chemistry, this is the definitive text for any experimentalist. This is particularly true for any chemist measuring or studying the properties or effects of chemical compounds, mixtures or other substances.
Though chemical examples were few, it should be mentioned that co-author William G. Hunter, George Box's protégé, had a Bachelor's and a master's degree in Chemical Engineering with the book written in such a manner that its concepts would easily apply to chemical investigations.
Description: Discusses structure and stereochemistry of synthetic polymers, polymerization kinetics, behaviour of polymers in solution, chain dimensions.
Importance: First major text on polymer chemistry; presents both organic and physical chemistry aspects. Written by a chemist who made major contributions to the physical chemistry of polymers, for which he won the Nobel prize in 1974.
Environmental chemistry
Aquatic Chemistry, Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters
Stumm, Werner and James J. Morgan.
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1st Edition 1970, 3rd Edition 1996, ISBN0-471-51185-4.
Description. This book covers the full spectrum of the discipline including acid/base equilibria, carbonate chemistry, mass transfer, complexation, sorption phenomenon, oxidation/reduction, colloid chemistry, and flocculation/coagulation. The authors generally present the material using a ground up approach that emphasizes fundamental principles of thermodynamics and kinetics.
Importance. The publication is one of the most widely cited texts in environmental chemistry. In 1999, Stumm and Morgan received the Stockholm Water Prize for their contributions in the field. The citation specifically mentioned Aquatic Chemistry where it was described as a "seminal book" that is "used in education all over the world".[18]
Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone
Description: This paper warned of the danger of ozone depletion due to man-made chlorofluorocarbons. The main atmospheric sink for these compounds was identified as ultraviolet photolysis, liberating chlorine atoms which catalyze the destruction of stratospheric ozone and have the potential to significantly deplete the ozone layer.
Importance: Influence, as described in the presentation speech for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995: “The findings presented by this year's laureates in chemistry have had an enormous political and industrial impact. This was because they clearly identified unacceptable environmental hazards in a large, economically important sector.” [2]
Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. III, pp. 108–248, 1876; pp. 343–524, 1878.
Description: Paper applied the thermodynamic theory of steam engines to atomic level chemical reactions; i.e., it established equilibrium criteria necessary to predict the thermodynamic tendency of chemical reactions at constant temperature and pressure.
New York, The Chemical Catalog Company, Inc., 1923.
Description: Discusses ionic and covalent bonding (polar and non-polar).
Importance: The book that introduced the modern concept of the covalent bond as the sharing of electron pairs, and tried to reconcile the chemist's empirical view of the atom with the physicist's and spectroscopist's quantum mechanical view. It could be considered a precursor to Pauling's books.
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Chemistry
Importance: This is a good introduction to the subject, but has particular significance in the way it describes how the theory throws new light on old chemical concepts such as electronegativity.
Importance: First demonstration of ab-initio molecular dynamics, where the forces are computed on-the-fly by means of quantum mechanical electronic structure calculations.
Supramolecular chemistry
Supramolecular Chemistry – Concepts and Perspectives
Description: Comprehensive textbook written by topic creator.
Importance: Most-popular textbook on subject (according to Amazon.com). Lehn coined the term "supermolecule" in '73, developed the concept of supramolecular chemistry in '78, and won the Nobel Prize for his supramolecular chemistry work in ’87.
^"From the mazy and incoherent alchemical and iatrochemical doctrines, the former based on false conceptions of matter, the latter on erroneous views of life processes and physiology, a new science arose – the study of the composition of substances. The formulation of this definition of chemistry was due to Robert Boyle. In his Sceptical Chemist (1662) he freely criticized the prevailing scientific views and methods, with the object of showing that true knowledge could only be gained by the logical application of the principles of experiment and deduction." Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chemistry § Boyle" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 34.
^Famous Chemists, Sir William A. Tilden, George Routledge & Sons Ltd., (1921), pg 1 – 21.
^A History of Chemistry, Volume 2, J. R. Partington, Macmillan, reprinted 1969, pg 497.
^"The spread of Lavoisier's doctrines was greatly facilitated by the defined and logical form in which he presented them in his Traite Elementaire de Chimie (presente dans un ordre nouveau et d'apres les decouvertes modernes) (1789)." Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 296.
^Myers, Andrew G. (1997). "Review of "Classics in Total Synthesis"". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 119 (33): 7906–7907. doi:10.1021/ja965773v.
Leicester, Henry Marshall (1968). Source book in chemistry: 1900–1950. Source books in the history of the sciences. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. OCLC438301.
McKenzie, A. E. E. (1988). The major achievements of science : the development of science from ancient times to the Present. History of science and technology reprint series (1st reprint ed.). Ames: Iowa State University Press. ISBN978-0-8138-0092-9.
هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (أبريل 2023) كأس دوراند 2016 تفاصيل الموسم كأس دوراند البلد الهند عدد المشاركين 12 ك...
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British Army officer Sir John George WoodfoodBorn28 February 1785Chartham Deanery, CanterburyDied22 March 1879 (aged 94)KeswickAllegiance United KingdomService/branchBritish ArmyYears of service1800–1841RankMajor-GeneralBattles/warsNapoleonic WarsAwardsOrder of the Bath Major-General Sir John George Woodford, KCB (28 February 1785 – 22 March 1879) was a British Army officer who has been called possibly the first battlefield archaeologist.[1] He served in the Napoleonic Wars, ...
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