Lev Nussimbaum (October 17, 1905 – August 27, 1942), who wrote under the pen names Essad Bey and Kurban Said, was a writer and journalist, born in Kiev to a Jewish family.[1] He lived there and in Baku during his childhood before fleeing the Bolsheviks in 1920 at the age of 14. In 1922, while living in Germany, he obtained a certificate claiming that he had converted to Islam in the presence of the imam of the Turkish embassy in Berlin.[2] He created a niche for himself in the competitive European literary world by writing about topics that Westerners, in general, knew little about - the Caucasus,[3] the Russian Empire,[4] the Bolshevik Revolution,[5] newly discovered oil,[6] and Islam.[7] He wrote under the name of Essad Bey in German.
Historians and literary critics who knew these subjects well discredited Essad Bey as a reliable source.[8] Today, historians disregard books published under this name and rarely quote him, though the topics Essad Bey chose to write about are still critically relevant. The fact that Essad Bey was so prolific calls into question the authorship of these books[9] and whether Essad Bey was primarily operating as a broker and doctoring manuscripts and marketing them under his pseudonym, which had become famous. In 1934, his agent Werner Schendell [de] warned him to slow down and take a year off between books so that he would not appear to be so prolific.[10] That year no books were published in German – only two novellas in Polish.[11]
Life
Lev Nussimbaum was born in October 1905. He claimed that he was born in a train.[12] Documents in the Kyiv State Archives and the Kyiv Synagogue state that Lev Nussimbaum was born in Kiev.[13] Nussimbaum's birth was originally registered in the Kyiv Synagogue.[14]
His father, Abraam Leybusovich Nussimbaum, was a Jew from Tiflis, in present-day Georgia, born in 1875. He later migrated to Baku and invested in oil.[15] His mother, Berta Basya Davidovna Slutzkin Nussimbaum according to her marriage certificate,[16] was a Jew from Belarus. She committed suicide on February 16, 1911 in Baku when Nussimbaum was five years old.[17] Apparently, she had embraced left-wing politics[18] and was possibly involved in the underground Communist movement. Nussimbaum's father hired Alice Schulte, a woman of German ethnicity, to be his son's governess.[19]
Memorial plaque on the house in Berlin (Fasanenstraße [de] 72) where Lev Nussimbaum lived for two years
In 1918, Lev and his father temporarily fled Baku because of the massacres that were taking place in the streets between different political forces. According to Essad Bey's first book, Blood and Oil in the Orient, which historians do not consider to be very reliable, the two travelled through Turkestan and Persia. Researchers have found no record of this adventurous journey except in Nussimbaum's own writings.[20] Nussimbaum and his father returned to Baku, but when the Bolsheviks took Baku in the spring of 1920, they fled to Georgia. They stayed there until the Bolsheviks took Tiflis and Batumi.
Lev Nussimbaum, as Essad Bey, wrote his first book Oel und Blut im Orient (Blood and Oil in the Orient) in German in 1929. Although he claims that his account was autobiographical, historians in Azerbaijan and Georgia discount this claim, as there are many major factual errors in the historical description.[21] Essad Bey describes his delight when, at the age of 14, he and his father left Azerbaijan. In the final passage of the book, he writes: "At that moment, Europe began for me. The Old East was dead."[22]
They purportedly boarded a ship bound for Istanbul, where thousands of refugees had fled. Nussimbaum eventually settled in Berlin (1921–1933),[18] where he enrolled simultaneously in high school and in Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität. He did not graduate from either school, but told people that he had received a Cand. Phil. degree.[23]
In 1926, he began writing under the pen name of Essad Bey for the literary journal Die literarische Welt (The Literary World). At least 120 articles were published under this name.[24] By the early 1930s, Essad Bey had become a popular author throughout Western Europe, writing mainly about contemporary historical and political issues.[18]
Politically, Essad Bey was a monarchist.[25] In 1931, he joined the German-Russian League Against Bolshevism, the members of which, Daniel Lazare remarks, "for the most part either were Nazis or soon would be". He joined the Social Monarchist Party, which advocated restoration of Germany's Hohenzollern dynasty. He also had connections to the pre-fascisticYoung Russian movement, headed by Alexander Kazembek.[18]
In 1932, Essad Bey married Erika Loewendahl, daughter of shoe magnate Walter Loewendahl. The marriage failed, ending in scandal.[26] Erika ran off in 1935 with Nussimbaum's colleague René Fülöp-Miller. Erika's parents, who were wealthy, succeeded in getting the marriage to Nussimbaum annulled in 1937.[27]
In 1938, when Nazi Germany annexed Austria, Nussimbaum fled to Italy and settled in the seacoast town of Positano. He died there of a rare blood disorder which causes gangrene of the extremities. This was most likely Buerger's disease, which is known to afflict Ashkenazi male Jews,[28] rather than Raynaud's Disease,[29] which is more prevalent in women. It is possible that Essad Bey denied his Jewish ancestry to doctors who were treating him, which led to the misdiagnosis of Raynaud's instead of Buerger's.[30][better source needed] Little was known in the early 1940s about Buerger's disease, especially that the disease could be reversed if the patient stopped smoking. Essad Bey, who was known to be a heavy smoker,[31] died a painful death at the age of 36.[32]
Islam
Nussimbaum had a romantic view of Islam, seeing it as part of the grand cultural heritage of "the East", to which he felt connected through his Jewish heritage, and a bulwark against the evils of Western modernity and Bolshevism. Writing about his childhood in Azerbaijan, he notes the emotional response he had in looking at the old palaces in Baku:
I saw the broad expanse of the sandy Arabian desert, I saw the horsemen, their snow-white burnooses billowing in the wind, I saw the flocks of prophets praying towards Mecca and I wanted to be one with this wall, one with this desert, one with this incomprehensible, intricate script, one with the entire Islamic Orient, which in our Baku had been so ceremoniously carried to the grave, to the victorious drumbeats of European culture.... Throughout my entire childhood, I dreamed of the Arabic edifices every night... I do know that it was the most powerful, most formative feeling of my life.[33]
Confusion surrounds the details of Essad Bey's conversion to Islam. There are at least three accounts that attempt to explain his alleged conversion:
(1) When Essad Bey was 17 years old, he officially obtained a certificate of conversion as "document of proof" in a declaration to Imam Hafiz Shuku (1871-1924) of the former Ottoman Embassy in Berlin on August 13, 1922.[34]
(2) However, later accounts circulated that Essad Bey did not convert to Islam but simply reclaimed his religious identity since he had been born a Muslim.[35]
(3) Essad Bey converted to Islam along with his family when he was eight years old.[36]
In 1924 in Berlin, Nussimbaum helped found an Islamic student group Islamia, where he met other Muslims: Arabs, Turks, Iranians, Afghans and Indians, as well as converts like himself. They "spoke out about the wretched situation of Muslims in the colonial world."[37] However, some Muslims objected to the way Nussimbaum depicted Islam in his writings, accusing him of Orientalism and of not being a "real" Muslim. In 1930, Mohammed Hoffman, a member of Islamia and himself a convert to Islam, accused Nussimbaum of trying "to pass for a born Muslim" and suggesting that his conversion was merely a ploy.[38] As a result of this and similar accusations, Nussimbaum stopped attending Islamia meetings; however, he never renounced Islam or distanced himself from it. In 1934 the New York Herald Tribune ran a profile of Essad Bey which described him as an irreverent Muslim who "carries no prayer rug; he fails to salute Mecca when he prays... eats pigs and drinks wine; yet when he came to be married in Berlin he refused to abjure his creed."[39]
Armin Wegner, a contemporary of Essad Bey who knew him in his last years in Positano, Italy, observed that Bey "kept up the comedy of being Muslim to the end."[40]
A scathing review of Essad Bey's biography Mohammed expressed doubt that the author "had ever read the Quran, either in the original or in translation." It claimed: "Essad Bey's Mohammed is a potpourri of bad history, distorted facts and naive interpretations. It should never have been written... In fact, I am impelled to go still further and state that there is hardly a page in this 'biography' which is free from error."[41]
Works
Despite Nussimbaum's being an ethnic Jew, his monarchist and anti-Bolshevik politics were such that, before his origins were discovered, the Nazi propagandaministry included his works on their list of "excellent books for German minds".[18] Among the works credited to him are early biographies of Lenin, Stalin and Czar Nicholas II, Mohammed, the Prophet; and Reza Shah of Iran. All of these biographies were allegedly written between 1932 and 1936. At one point, Nussimbaum was requested to write an official biography of Benito Mussolini.[42] Essad Bey's works, many of which he claimed were biographies, are discredited by historians and literary critics and rarely referenced today except to note how unreliable they are.[43]
Ali and Nino
Tom Reiss attributes the 1937 novel Ali and Nino: A Love Story, published under the pseudonym Kurban Said, to Lev Nussimbaum. In his biography of Nussimbaum, The Orientalist, Reiss argues that Said was another pseudonym of Nussimbaum's, and that Ali and Nino was written by Nussimbaum.[29]
Reiss also debunks claims made by the heirs of Austrian baroness Elfriede Ehrenfels, who claimed co-authorship. Reiss acknowledges that she registered the book with German authorities in Austria after 1938, but suggests that this was because Nussimbaum could not have received money for publishing the book in Germany due to his Jewish ethnicity.[44]
Other critics, however, maintain that the book is partially plagiarized. They suggest that it was adapted by Nussimbaum from an earlier manuscript. A 2011 issue of Azerbaijan International re-opened the issue of the authorship of Ali and Nino. The primary author featured in this issue, Betty Blair, states that "we are convinced" that the book was written mostly by Azerbaijani author Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli,[45] though they also offer evidence that Nussimbaum wrote at least some portions of the book.[46]
They argue that the folkloric and legendary passages include exact "cut and paste" passages that Nussimbaum had published multiple times in his earlier works.[46] They also note that Nussimbaum left the Caucasus when he was only 14 years old [47] and that he boasted that he was a Monarchist, although the novel expresses the views of someone who sought the independence of Azerbaijan. Reiss dismissed the claim that Chamanzaminli was the author behind the Said pseudonym, claiming that he looked at one of Chamanzaminli's novellas and found him to be a Muslim communalist nationalist. Blair argues, in contrast, that Ali and Nino is a "nationalist" book in a broader, non-communalist sense, since the novel is essentially about Azerbaijan's independence.[48]
Tamar Injia published a book entitled Ali and Nino – Literary Robbery!, showing that substantial portions of the book were copied from the book The Snake's Skin by Georgian author Grigol Robakidze. Injia analyzed the two books, and found a number of similar or identical passages, and concluded that "Kurban Said" (whose real life identity she does not attempt to determine) deliberately copied passages from Robakidze's earlier novel.
Twelve Secrets of the Caucasus (1930; reissued by Maurer in English, 2008, ISBN978-3-929345-37-7, in German, 2008, 978-3-929345-33-9)
Stalin: The Career of a Fanatic (1931)
The Caucasus (1932), only in German, "Der Kaukasus".
Mohammed (1932), many editions available worldwide, except in English
White Russia: People Without a Homeland (1932) (not translated into English).
OGPU: The Plot Against the World (1932)
Liquid Gold (1933), (not translated into English)
Russia at the Crossroads (1933), (not translated into English).
Love and Petroleum (1934), novella, only in Polish (not translated into English; published originally in a pulp magazine in Poland. Translated into German and published by Maurer, 2008, 978-3-929345-35-3, together with "Manuela").
Manuela (1934), novella, only in Polish (not translated into English; published originally in a pulp magazine in Poland. Translated into German and published by Maurer, 2008, 978-3-929345-35-3, together with "Love and Petroleum").
Nicholas II: The Prisoner in Purple (1935; reissued by Maurer in German, 2011, ISBN978-3-929345-57-5)
Lenin (1935), Italian only
Reza Shah (1936)
Allah is Great: The Decline and Rise of the Islamic World (1936) (with Wolfgang von Weisl) about the ascendancy of Saudi Arabian king Ibn Saud (1936) (not translated into English).
End of Bolshevism (1936), which appeared only in Italian as "Giustizia Rossa" (Red Justice).
Under pen name of Kurban Said
As discussed above, there is a dispute over whether or not Lev Nussimbaum is the core author behind works written under the pseudonym Kurban Said. The works written under this name include the following:
Girl from the Golden Horn (1938, reissued by Overlook Press, 2001, ISBN1-58567-173-8)
The Man Who Knew Nothing About Love (Unpublished, but advertised in the back pages of Annemarie Selinko's novel I Was an Ugly Girl, Vienna: Kirschner, 1937, the same year that "Ali and Nino" was published.)
References
Tom Reiss,The Orientalist: In Search of a Man Caught Between East and West, Chatto & Windus, 2005
^Literary agent Werner Schendell (1891-1961) cautioned Essad Bey to slow down, not to appear too prolific in correspondence, dated May 8, 1934. Dr. Gerhard Hopp, "Mohammed Essad Bey: Nur Orient Für Europäer?" in Asien Afrika Lateinamerika, Vol. 25:1 (1997), p. 86, Endnote 120.
^Essad Bey claimed he was born on a train in an autobiographical essay published in Die literarische Welt (Berlin, 5/1929, No. 48, page 5) after German police traced his birth to Kiev. At that time he had already written two books (Blood and Oil in the Orient, and Twelve Secrets of the Caucasus) promoted by his publishers as written by a native-born Bakui. Thus, saying that he was born "on a train" in "Die literarische Welt" provides a slick cover for claims he had made earlier. Being "born in Baku" would have lent more credibility to his writing and, thus, made his books more profitable. This was a typical practice of Nussimbaum (Essad Bey). He was always trying to lay claim to the national identity of the topics and personalities about which he wrote. When he wrote about Stalin, he was Georgian. When he wrote about Nicolas II, he was Russian. When he wrote about Persian matters of divorce, he was Persian. When he wrote about Mohammed, he was Muslim. All were calculated efforts to convince readers that what he wrote was credible though it was often nonsense. See Betty Blair, No. 4 "Too Many Identities, Essad Bey as Core Author of Ali and Nino: Seven Reasons Why It Just Aint' So," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), pp. 186-190.
^Kyiv Central Historical Archives: Fund 1164, List 1, Case 473, Page 635, according to an official letter sent to Azerbaijani philologist Abdulla Ajaloghlu, dated November 4, 2008, signed by L.Y. Demchenko, Director of the Kyiv Archives and referenced in article: "Archives: What a Hoax! Vacca's Sensational Biographical Account of Essad Bey," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), pp. 146-149.
^Letter from Kyiv Central Historical Archives signed by Director L.Y. Demchenko and head of Information Department E.V. Polozova. Letter No. 02-1132, dated November 4, 2008 addressed to Azerbaijan philologist Badulla Ajaloghlu in Baku. Photo p. 159 in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4, 2011 "Who Wrote Azerbaijan's Most Famous Novel, "Ali and Nino": The Business of Literature.
^The A.L. Nussimbaum & Binagadi Petroleum Pipeline Co. was sold to the Nobel Brothers Petroleum Company in 1914 for 131,500 rubles. Azerbaijan Republic State History Archives, Fund 392, List 1, Case 199, Page 1.
^Marriage Certificate (October 26, 1904), Georgian Central State Historical Archives, No. 675, p. 10. The marriage of Lev Nussimbaum's parents was originally registered in the Tiflis (Tbilisi) Synagogue.
^Azerbaijan Republic State History Archives, Fund 1044, List 1, Case 571, page 4.
^ abcdeLazare, Daniel. "Jews Without Borders". The Nation. Retrieved March 28, 2005. Lazare and Reiss are secondary sources for Lev Nussimbaum's biography, not primary sources.
^Alice Schulte: Biographie Essad-Bey, unpublished biography, Rascher Archives at the Central Library, Zurich, Switzerland.
^Essad Bey, "Əsəd Bəy, "Şərqdə neft və qan" (1929).
^Dr. Zaza Aleksidze (Georgia): "I am sure that 'Blood and Oil in the Orient' is not an autobiography as Essad Bey claims. It is a fiction, full of tales and mistakes and no one should rely upon it as a source for reconstructing the biography of Essad Bey." Also Dr. Farid Alakbarli (Azerbaijan), "Correcting all of Essad Bey's errors in this book would be an endless job." Both in "Critics: Fact or Fiction? What Essad Bey's Contemporaries Said," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), p. 169.
^Essad Bey, "Oil and Blood in the Orient" (San Francisco: Aran Press, 1997), p. 317.
^Gerhard Höpp, "Mohammed Essad Bey: Nur Orient Fur Europaäer?" (Orient for the Europeans), in Asien Afrika Lateinamerika 25:1 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1997), p. 78.
^Index for "Die literarische Welt 1925-1933, Vol. 1" (Nendeln: Kraus-Thomason Organization Ltd, 1976).
^Essad Bey boasted that he was a monarchist in "The Story of My Life" (Die Gelchichte Meines Lebens) in Die literarische Welt, Berlin, Vol. 7:5 (January 30, 1931, pp. 3-4). Essad Bey also wrote a sympathetic "biography" about Nicholas II (1935).
^Essad Bey had Erika arrested when she arrived by ship in New York. He notified authorities that she planned an assassination in the United States. It was a totally false allegation - totally imaginary, but gave Erika serious legal problems. "Gerichtssaal: Scheidungsprozess Gegen Den Schriftsteller Essad Bey / Courtroom: Divorce Proceedings Against the Writer Essad Bey." Neues Wiener Journal 15, (1937), p. 33.
^"The Lives of Two Writers - Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli and Lev Nussimbaum (See the section on Cause of death)". Azerbaijan International. 15 (2–4): 39. 2011.
^Essad Bey consulted doctors in both Switzerland and Italy and they all insisted that he did not have Raynaud's Disease. However, his doctor in Positano assumed Raynaud's. Alice Schulte's unpublished hand-written 12-page manuscript entitled "Biographie Essad-Bey (in German, 1943), p. 5. Archived in Central Library of the University of Zurich, Rascher Fund 78-III, A-2; B6498 and A0570.
^Armin Wegner's diary: "[Essad Bey's] bed cover was full of cigarette holes." Gerhard Höpp, "Mohammed Essad Bey: Nur Orient Für Europäer?" Asien, Afrika, Lateinamerika, 25:1 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1997), p. 89.
^Gerhard Höpp, "Mohammed Essad Bey: Nur Orient Für Europäer?" in "Asien, Afrika, Lateinamerika," Vol. 25:1 (1997), p. 77. Also sited in Tom Reiss, 2005, p. 34.
^Giamil Vacca Mazzara, "Mohammed Es'ad-Bey: Scrittore Musulmano Dell'Azerbaigian Caucasico" (Mohammed Essad Bey: Muslim Writer from Azerbaijan Caucasus), in "Oriente Moderno" 22:10 (1942), pp. 434-443. The same claims were made by his governess Alice Schulte, in a handwritten, unpublished, 12-page sketch that Schulte had prepared for Essad Bey's Swiss publisher Rascher ("Biographie Essad-Bey" 1943), archived at the Central Library at the University of Zurich (Rascher 35).
^"Mohammed Essad Bey: Starhemberg – Prince and Politician. Austrian Vice-Chancellor was Once a Friend of Hitler, But Now is a Bitter Foe of the Nazis; Once an Enemy of Italy, but Now is a Friend of Mussolini," in "The Literary Digest," 119, No. 23 (New York: June 8, 1935), p. 9, edited by Arthur S. Draper. Note that the article continues by explaining "Madame Essad-Bey [Erika Loewendahl] has adhered to her Jewish faith, for Moslem wives are not required to follow the husband's creed."
^Reiss, Tom. The Orientalist. Random House, 2005, p. 34
^Reiss, Tom. The Orientalist. Random House, 2005, p. 274
^Armin Wegner wrote in his diary that Essad Bey "was a Jewish Viennese journalist" and "a typical literary swindler, who was "gifted but irresponsible." When Wegner learned that Essad Bey had been buried as a Muslim "with the Koran under his head, facing the Orient," he noted: "Thus, Essad Bey played the comedy up to the very end." Gerhard Höpp, "Mohammed Essad Bey: Nur Orient Für Europäer?" Asien, Afrika, Lateinamerika, 25:1 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1997), p. 90, Endnote 166, quoting Wegner's diary entries of September 29 to October 1, 1942. Tom Reiss also references Höpp: "The Orientalist (New York: Random House, 2005), p. 336.
^Nabih Amin Faris, Princeton, New Jersey: The Moslem World: A Christian Quarterly Review of Current Events, Literature and Thought Among Mohammedans, Vol. 27:2, April 1937.
^Tom Reiss, The Orientalist (New York: Random House, 2005), pp. 316-317.
^"Fact or Fiction? What Essad Bey's Contemporaries Said," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4, pp. 166-177.
