Kaiping

This article is about the county-level city in Guangdong. For the district of Tangshan, Hebei, see Kaiping District. For the ancient city in Inner Mongolia, see Shangdu. For former county in Liaoning, see Kaiping, Liaoning.

Kaiping 开平市 Hoiping
County-level city
Dixi Road in Chikan, Kaiping
Location of Kaiping City Centre (red) in Kaiping (pink), Guangdong province, and the PRC
Kaiping Location of the Kaiping city centre in Guangdong
Coordinates: 22°22′38″N 112°41′54″E
Country	People's Republic of China
Province	Guangdong
Prefecture-level city	Jiangmen
County seat	Changsha Subdistrict (长沙街道)
Area
• Total	1,659 km^2 (641 sq mi)
Population  (2017 census)
• Total	688,242
• Density	410/km^2 (1,100/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code	529300
Area code	0750
Website	www.kaiping.gov.cn

Kaiping
Simplified Chinese	开平
Traditional Chinese	開平
Taishanese	Hoi3-pen6 (local)
Hanyu Pinyin	Kāipíng
Postal	Hoiping
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Kāipíng Wade–Giles K'ai^1-p'ing^2 IPA [kʰáɪpʰǐŋ] Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Hoi^1-ping^4 IPA [hɔj˥ pʰɪŋ˩] other Yue Taishanese Hoi3-pen6 (local)

Kaiping (simplified Chinese: 开平; traditional Chinese: 開平), alternately romanized in Cantonese as Hoiping,^[a] in local dialect as Hoihen, is a county-level city in Guangdong Province, China. It is located in the western section of the Pearl River Delta and administered as part of the prefecture-level city of Jiangmen. The surrounding area, especially Sze Yup (Chinese: 四邑), is the ancestral homeland of many overseas Chinese, particularly in the United States.^[2] Kaiping has a population of 688,242 as of 2017 and an area of 1,659 square kilometres (641 sq mi).^[3] The locals speak a variant of the Sze Yup dialect.

History

During the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127), Kaiping was under the administration of Xin'an county (信安縣)^{[4][full citation needed]} Under the Qing (1649), Hoiping County made up part of the commandery of Shiuhing (Zhaoqing).^[1] From AD 1649 to AD 1949, the administration centre of Kaiping was Cangcheng town( 蒼城鎮 )， from AD 1950 to AD 1953, the administration center moved to Chican town( 赤磡鎮 )， from AD 1953 until nowadays, the administration center is Sanbu town( 三埠鎮 ). It was promoted to county-level city status in 1993.

Administration

Administratively, Kaiping is administered as part of the prefecture-level city of Jiangmen.

Name	Chinese (S)	Hanyu Pinyin	Population (2010)[5]
Sanbu Subdistrict	三埠街道	Sānbù Jiēdào	173,100
Changsha Subdistrict	长沙街道	Chángshā Jiēdào	124,829
Shatang town	沙塘镇	Shātáng Zhèn	24,667
Chacheng town	苍城镇	Cāngchéng Zhèn	26,750
Longsheng town	龙胜镇	Lóngshèng Zhèn	26,161
Dasha town	大沙镇	Dàshā Zhèn	22,298
Magang town	马冈镇	Mǎgāng Zhèn	30,728
Tangkou town	塘口镇	Tángkǒu Zhèn	22,626
Chikan town	赤坎镇	Chìkǎn Zhèn	37,260
Baihe town	百合镇	Bǎihé Zhèn	17,621
Xiangang town	蚬冈镇	Xiǎngāng Zhèn	13,280
Jinji town	金鸡镇	Jīnjī Zhèn	16,493
Yueshan town	月山镇	Yuèshān Zhèn	46,700
Chishui town	赤水镇	Chìshuǐ Zhèn	25,894
Shuikou town	水口镇	Shuǐkǒu Zhèn	90,835

Geography

Kaiping's city centre is located on the Tanjiang River [zh], 140 kilometres (87 mi) away from Guangzhou, on the edge of the county Kaiping west of the Pearl River Delta. Kaiping consists of broken terrain, mostly either rocky or swampy, with only a third of the land arable.^[2] The county is shaped like a giant question mark (see map, in pink) and includes rural areas as well as three port cities: Changsha, Xinchang, and Dihai.

Climate

Climate data for Kaiping (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	28.5 (83.3)	29.3 (84.7)	31.7 (89.1)	33.8 (92.8)	35.2 (95.4)	38.0 (100.4)	39.4 (102.9)	37.8 (100.0)	36.0 (96.8)	35.8 (96.4)	33.3 (91.9)	29.3 (84.7)	39.4 (102.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	18.8 (65.8)	20.3 (68.5)	22.7 (72.9)	26.7 (80.1)	30.2 (86.4)	31.9 (89.4)	32.9 (91.2)	32.8 (91.0)	31.6 (88.9)	28.9 (84.0)	25.1 (77.2)	20.6 (69.1)	26.9 (80.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)	14.7 (58.5)	16.2 (61.2)	19.0 (66.2)	23.1 (73.6)	26.4 (79.5)	28.2 (82.8)	28.8 (83.8)	28.6 (83.5)	27.6 (81.7)	24.9 (76.8)	20.9 (69.6)	16.3 (61.3)	22.9 (73.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	11.7 (53.1)	13.4 (56.1)	16.4 (61.5)	20.5 (68.9)	23.8 (74.8)	25.6 (78.1)	26.1 (79.0)	25.9 (78.6)	24.8 (76.6)	21.9 (71.4)	17.7 (63.9)	13.1 (55.6)	20.1 (68.1)
Record low °C (°F)	3.3 (37.9)	3.3 (37.9)	6.9 (44.4)	9.3 (48.7)	17.3 (63.1)	18.3 (64.9)	22.6 (72.7)	22.2 (72.0)	16.9 (62.4)	14.3 (57.7)	8.9 (48.0)	2.5 (36.5)	2.5 (36.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	46.6 (1.83)	47.5 (1.87)	73.9 (2.91)	183.7 (7.23)	265.3 (10.44)	323.5 (12.74)	273.0 (10.75)	299.2 (11.78)	197.0 (7.76)	63.2 (2.49)	37.7 (1.48)	36.7 (1.44)	1,847.3 (72.72)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	7.2	9.0	12.7	13.8	16.6	19.4	17.4	17.6	12.8	5.9	5.2	5.2	142.8
Average relative humidity (%)	73	78	82	83	82	83	81	82	78	71	69	67	77
Mean monthly sunshine hours	111.8	84.9	70.7	92.2	137.6	160.1	201.0	184.3	170.2	177.4	156.1	139.8	1,686.1
Percent possible sunshine	33	26	19	24	34	40	49	46	47	50	47	42	38
Source: China Meteorological Administration[6][7]

Notable people

• Wing-tsit Chan: Chinese American scholar
• Ed Chau: member of the California State Assembly
• George Chow: member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
• Yun Gee: Chinese American artist
• Víctor Joy Way: Chinese Peruvian politician
• Betty Kwan Chinn: Chinese American philanthropist
• Lee Quo-wei (1918–2013): former Hong Kong banker
• Liang Xiang: former Governor of Hainan
• Betty Ong: American flight attendant aboard American Airlines Flight 11
• Jean Quan: former mayor of Oakland, California
• Bing Thom: Chinese Canadian architect and urban designer
• Szeto Wah (1931–2011): Hong Kong politician
• Delbert E. Wong: Los Angeles County jurist who was the first judge in the continental United States of Chinese descent
• Ken Hom: Chinese-American chef, BBC TV presenter, and author ^[8]
• Jessica Soho, Filipino news anchor, correspondent and TV host of Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho who traces her paternal grandfather's ancestral roots at Hoiping County, Guangdong, China.

Sights

Kaiping Diaolou

Main article: Kaiping Diaolou

Kaiping Diaolous (碉楼) are fortified multi-storey towers constructed in the village countryside of mainly the Kaiping area. They were built from the early Qing dynasty to the early 20th century, reaching a peak in the 1920s and 1930s, with the financial aid of overseas Chinese, when there were more than three thousand of these structures. Today, 1,833 diaolou are still standing, with the most in the towns of Shuikou (水口镇), Tangkou (塘口镇), Baihe (百合镇), Chikan (赤坎镇), and Xiangang (蚬冈镇), in that order (see map in article by Batto).^[9]

In the late 19th and early 20th century, Kaiping was a region of major emigration abroad, and a melting pot of ideas and trends brought back by overseas Chinese, Huaqiao, made good.^[2] As a consequence, many watchtowers incorporated architectural features from China and the West. These were examples of the Qiaoxiang (僑鄉) architecture.^[10] The diaolou were built by villagers during a time of chaos and served two purposes: housing and protecting against forays by bandits.^[9]

In 2007, the Kaiping diaolou and villages were added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and consist of four separate restored village areas: Zilicun village (自力村) in Tangkou, Sanmenli village (三门里) in Chikan, Jinjiangli village (锦江里) in Xiangang, and Majianglong village cluster (马降龙村落群) in Baihe township.^[11]

The Kaiping diaolou was the location for parts of the filming of 2010 movie Let the Bullets Fly (让子弹飞).^[12]

• 
  Ruishi Lou in Jinjiangli
• 
  Majianglong Diaolou
• 
  Diaolou cluster at Zilicun
• 
  Nan Lou in Chikan

Examples of diaolous include:

• Yinglonglou (迎龙楼), oldest extant diaolou in Kaiping, in the village of Sanmenli (Chikan township) built by the Guan (关族) lineage during the Jiajing era of the Ming dynasty (1522–1566), is a massive three-storey fortress with one-meter thick walls, in contrast with the high tower diaolou built much later with the aid of Huaqiao.^[9]
• Jinjiangli Diaolou Cluster (锦江里雕楼群), situated behind Jinjiangli Village (Xiangang Township), includes three exquisite diaolous: Ruishi Lou, Shengfeng Lou, and Jinjiang Lou. Ruishi Diaolou, constructed in 1921, has nine floors and is the tallest diaolou in Kaiping. It features a Byzantine style roof and a Roman dome.
• The Majianglong diaolou cluster (马降龙雕楼群) is spread across five villages (Baihe township) in a bamboo forest: Yong'an and Nan'an Villages of the Huang (黄) family; Hedong, Qinglin, and Longjiang Villages of the Guan (关) family.
• Zilicun Diaolou Cluster (自力村雕楼群), located in Zilicun Village (Tangkou township), includes nine diaolous, the largest number among the four Kaiping villages designated by UNESCO. They feature the fusion of Chinese and various Western architectural styles and rise up surrealistically over the rice paddy fields.
• Fangshi Denglou - Built in 1920 after contributions from villagers, this denglou is five storeys high. It is referred to as the "Light Tower" because it had an enormous searchlight as bright as the beam of a lighthouse.
• Li Garden, in Beiyi Xiang, was constructed in 1936 by Mr. Xie Weili, a Chinese emigrant to the United States.
• Bianchouzhu Lou (The Leaning Tower), located in Nanxing Village was constructed in 1903. It has seven floors.
• Nan Lou (南楼), or the "Southern Diaolou", located on the riverbank in Chikan township, which was known for seven local soldiers by the surname Situ (司徒) who died defending Chikan from the Japanese.

Chikan

Main article: Chikan, Kaiping

Chikan (赤坎) is officially designated as a National Historic and Cultural Town of China (中国历史文化名镇). The old town of Chikan has many historical sites that are about one hundred years old. For example, it has over 600 late-Qing and early-Republic historic Tong laus or Qilous (唐樓/ 騎樓) continuous, spanning over a length of 3 kilometers, including the riverside stretch along Dixi Lu (堤西路), sometimes referred to as 'European Styled Street'. Part of old Chikan town has been designated Chikan Studio City (赤坎影视城) for filming of historical scenes.

Chikan township also has two restored diaolous: Yinglonglou, built by the Guan (关族) lineage in the Ming dynasty, and Nanlou, memorialized by the martyrdom of seven Situ clan (司徒族) members in the early 20th century.

Historically, Chikan has been shaped by these two competing clans.^[2] One example is the existence of two libraries: the Situ's library, opened in 1926, and, not to be outdone, the Guan's library, opened in 1931; both libraries funded by overseas Chinese and incorporated architecture features from overseas.

It is a famous and well-known location for braised pork in noodles to locals.

Chikan is to become a tourist destination and the closing of local stores, dining posts, and streets are scheduled for the summer of 2017.^[13]

Miscellaneous

Kaiping has been twinned with Mesa, Arizona, United States, since October 18, 1993.

Kaiping was a major source of emigrants at the turn of the 20th century. As a result, a large number of early Chinese Canadian and Chinese American communities had people who originated from Kaiping and its neighboring counties of Taishan, Enping and Xinhui, which is known collectively as Sze Yup. It is said that there are more Kaipingnese people living abroad today than there are Kaipingnese in Kaiping. In a 2016 report, Deloitte estimated that there are 750,000 Kaiping-born overseas Chinese.^[14]

In 1973, various people originated from Kaiping started the Hoi Ping Chamber of Commerce Secondary School in Hong Kong.

Notes

1. The Postal Map romanization is based on the local Cantonese pronunciation. Other romanizations include Kae Ping.^[1]

References

Citations

1. Bolton & al. (1941), p. 262.
2. Woon, Yuen-fong (1984). Social organization in South China, 1911-1949: the case of the Kuan lineage in K'ai-p'ing county. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan. ISBN 0-89264-051-0.
3. "Profile of Kaiping" (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on January 18, 2010. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
4. 《廣東省廣州市佛山地區韶關地區沿革地理》 [Administration alteration of Guangzhou, Foshan and Shaoguan]
5. Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
6. 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
7. 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
8. "Ken Hom | Ken Hom's official web site". 12 June 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
9. Batto, Patricia R.S. (July–August 2006). "The Diaolou of Kaiping (1842-1937): Buildings for dangerous times". China Perspectives. 2006 (66). Translated by Hall, Jonathan. doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.1033. Retrieved 25 May 2017. ...the diaolou were built in the countryside, in villages and on the initiative of the peasants themselves. Contrary to normal expectations, thanks to emigration we can see a certain "cosmopolitanism" among the peasants in Kaiping... the diaolou are the epitome of overseas Chinese culture, embodied in stone.
10. Pan, Lynn (1999). The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 0674252101.
11. "Kaiping Diaolou and Villages" (PDF). UNESCO World Heritage Convention. 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
12. "Kaiping "Diaolou" - Location of "Let the Bullets Fly"". CRI english. December 2010. Archived from the original on December 8, 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
13. "Families who've lived in old Chinese town for generations being kicked out to make way for tourists". south china morning post. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
14. Deloitte 德勤 (2016). "Research Report on Investment Environment Kaiping, Guangdong" (PDF). deloitte.com.

4. < 廣東省廣州市佛山地區韶關地區沿革地理》(history and geographical cha es of Guangzhou region, Foshan region and Shaoguan region)

Bibliography

• Bolton, Kingsley; et al. (1941), Triad Societies, Vol. 5, Abingdon: Routledge, ISBN 9780415243971, reprinted 2000.

Guangdong Zheng Guangzhou shi fishan di qu Shaoguan di qu yuan he di Li (history of geographical alterations of Guangzhou, Foshan and Shaoguan (廣東省廣州市佛山地區韶關地區沿革地理》) Author: Zhu, peng Xur Lin publishing limited 1984

External links

• Kaiping government website
• UNESCO World Heritage Convention: Kaiping Diaolou and Villages
• Deloitte 德勤: Research Report on Investment Environment - Kaiping, Guangdong 2016
• Kaiping Press Release for future high speed rail station