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Kōkako
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Callaeidae
Genus:	Callaeas; Forster, JR, 1788
Type species
	Glaucopis cinerea; Gmelin, JF, 1788
Species
	Callaeas cinereus; Callaeas wilsoni;

Kōkako^[1] /ˈkɔːkəkoʊ/^[2] are two species of forest bird in the genus Callaeas which are endemic to New Zealand, the endangered North Island kōkako (Callaeas wilsoni)^[3] and the presumed extinct South Island kōkako (Callaeas cinereus).^[4]^[5]^[6] They are both slate-grey with wattles and have black masks.^[7] They belong to a family containing five species of New Zealand wattlebirds,^[3] the other three being two species of tīeke (saddleback) and the extinct huia.^[5]^[7] Previously widespread, kōkako populations throughout New Zealand have been decimated by the predations of mammalian invasive species such as possums, stoats, cats and rats, and their range has contracted significantly.^[5]^[6]^[8] In the past this bird was called the New Zealand crow. It is not closely related to the crow, but looks like one from a distance.^[9]

Taxonomy

The genus Callaeas was introduced in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster to accommodate a single species, the South Island kōkako, which is therefore the type species.^[10]^[11] The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek word kallaia for a cock's wattles.^[12]

The kōkako appears to be a remnant of an early expansion of passerines in New Zealand and is one of five species of New Zealand wattlebirds of the family Callaeidae, the others being two species of endangered tieke, or saddleback, and the extinct huia.^[7] New Zealand wattlebirds have no close relatives apart from the stitchbird, and their taxonomic relationships to other birds remain to be determined.^[13]

Description

North Island kōkako, closeup of head showing blue wattles

The North Island kōkako, Callaeas wilsoni has blue wattles (although this colour develops with age: in the young of this bird they are actually coloured a light pink).^[6]^[7]^[14] The South Island kōkako, Callaeas cinereus, by contrast has largely orange wattles, with only a small patch of blue at the base.^[6]^[7]

Behaviour

The kōkako has a beautiful, clear, organ-like song.^[6]^[8] Its call can carry for kilometres. Breeding pairs sing together in a bell-like duet for up to an hour in the early morning.^[6]^[7]^[14] Different populations in different parts of the North Island (if any populations of the South Island kōkako remain they are at present unknown) have distinctly different songs.

The kōkako is a poor flier and seldom flies more than 100 metres.^[7] The wings of this species are relatively short and rounded.^[6]^[14] It prefers to hop and leap from branch to branch on its powerful grey legs.^[6]^[7]^[14] It does not fly so much as glide and when seen exhibiting this behaviour they will generally scramble up tall trees (frequently New Zealand podocarps such as rimu and matai) before gliding to others nearby.^[14] Its ecological niche has been compared to that of a flying squirrel.^[15] Its diet consists of leaves, fern fronds, flowers, fruit and invertebrates.^[9]^[14]

Kōkako and humans

Māori myth refers to the kōkako in several stories. In one notable story, a kōkako gave Māui water as he fought the sun by filling its plump wattles with water and offering it to Māui to quench his thirst.^[5] Māui rewarded kōkako for its kindness by stretching its legs until they were lean, long and strong, so that kōkako could easily leap through the forest to find food.^[5]

The kōkako appears on the reverse side of the New Zealand $50 note.^[16]

References

^ The spelling kokako (without a macron) is common in New Zealand English.
^ "kokako". The Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. ISBN 0-550-10105-5.
^ ^a ^b "North Island Kokako Callaeas wilsoni". BirdLife International. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
^ "South Island Kokako Callaeas cinereus". BirdLife International. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Kōkako". Department of Conservation. New Zealand Government. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "New Zealand Ecology - Kokako". TerraNature. Retrieved 2019-10-24.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Olliver, Narena (2005). "Kokako". New Zealand Birds. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Kōkako Crowned Bird of the Year". Forest & Bird. 31 October 2016. Retrieved 2019-10-24.
^ ^a ^b "North Island kokako". New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
^ Forster, Johann Reinhold (1788). Enchiridion Historiae Naturali Inserviens (in Latin). Halle, Germany: Prostat apud Hemmerde et Schwetschke. p. 35.
^ Mayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1962). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 157.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Ewen, John G; Flux, Ian; Ericson, Per GP (2006). "Systematic affinities of two enigmatic New Zealand passerines of high conservation priority, the hihi or stitchbird Notiomystis cincta and the kokako Callaeas cinerea" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 281–84. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.026. PMID 16527495.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "North Island Kokako". Tiritiri Matangi Open Sanctuary. Supporters of Tiritiri Matangi Inc. Archived from the original on 2018-08-11. Retrieved 2019-10-24.
^ Sewell, Matt (2019). Atlas of Amazing Birds. Pavilion Books. ISBN 9781843654629.
^ "$50". Reserve Bank of New Zealand. Retrieved 2019-10-24.