Justus van Effen (21 February 1684 – 18 September 1735) was a Dutch author, who wrote chiefly in French but also made crucial contributions to Dutch literature. A journalist, he imitated The Spectator with the publication of the Dutch-languageHollandsche Spectator. He gained international fame as a writer of French periodicals and a translator from English into French, and he is also recognized as one of the most important Dutch language writers of the 18th century and an influential figure of the Dutch Enlightenment.[1][2][3][4][5]
Life and works
He was born in Utrecht, the second child of Melchior and Maria van Effen. Justus van Effen planned a scholarly career, and around 1699 he began his studies at the University of Utrecht, but after the early death of his father (on 6 May 1706) he was forced to become a private tutor, taking responsibilities for his mother and sister.[1][5] He had made acquaintances among French émigrés, in connection with whom he began literary life in 1713 by editing a French journal.[3][5] From 1715 to 1727 he was a secretary at the Netherlands embassy in London, where he also became a member of the Royal Society,[2] and later, served as a clerk in the Dutch government warehouses (1732).[6]
The Hollandsche Spectator was one of the most notable papers inspired by The Spectator. Its topics consisted of everything a coffeehouse audience would be interested in: politics, religion and morality, fashion, and humor. Socially conservative, written in a pleasing tone and style, it raised important issues, questioning the reasons behind the waning position of the Dutch Republic on the international scene, and served as literary and moral guide for the bourgeoisie.[9] The Hollandsche Spectator is considered one of the achievements of the late 18th century Dutch literature, and an inspiration to much Dutch journalism and literature.[2][5][6][8][10][11][12][13][3][14]
^John Christian Laursen, Johan van der Zande, Élie Luzac, Karl Friedrich Bahrdt, Early French and German defenses of freedom of the press: Elie Luzac's essay on Freedom of expression, 1749 and Carl Friedrich Bahrdt's on freedom of the press and its limits, 1787 in English translation, BRILL, 2003, ISBN90-04-13017-9, Google Print, p. 12
^ abcdeJoris van Eijnatten, Liberty and concord in the United Provinces: religious toleration and the public in the eighteenth-century Netherlands, BRILL, 2003, 9004128433, Google Print, pp. 418–419
^ abcJustus van Effen. (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 January 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
^Willem Frijhoff, Marijke Spies, Dutch Culture in a European Perspective: 1800, blueprints for a national community / Joost Kloek and Wijnand Mijnhardt with the collaboration of Eveline Koolhaas-Grosfeld, Uitgeverij Van Gorcum, 2004, ISBN90-232-3964-4, Google Print, p. 394
^Willem Frijhoff, Marijke Spies, Dutch Culture in a European Perspective: 1800, blueprints for a national community / Joost Kloek and Wijnand Mijnhardt with the collaboration of Eveline Koolhaas-Grosfeld, Uitgeverij Van Gorcum, 2004, ISBN90-232-3964-4,Google Print, p. 150
^Hanna Barker, Simon Burrows, Press, Politics and the Public Sphere in Europe and North America, 1760–1820, Cambridge University Press, 2002,, Google Print, p. 53
^Cornelis W. Schoneveld, Sea-changes: studies in three centuries of Anglo-Dutch cultural transmission, Rodopi, 1996, ISBN90-420-0077-5, Google Print, p. 84
P. J. Buijnsters, Justus van Effen (1684–1735). Leven en Werk. (Utrecht: HES, 1992). ISBN978-90-6194-058-6
W.J.B. Pienaar, English influences in Dutch literature and Justus van Effen as intermediary : an aspect of eighteenth century achievement, Cambridge : University Press, 1929
James L. Schorr, The life and works of Justus van Effen, Publications of the Department of Modern and Classical Languages of the University of Wyoming, 1982