José Pascual de Liñán y Eguizábal, Count of Doña Marina (1858–1934) was a Spanish writer, publisher and a Carlist politician. He is known mostly as the manager of two Traditionalist dailies, issued in the 1890s and 1900s in the Vascongadas, and as the author of minor works related to jurisprudence and history. As a politician he briefly headed the Carlist regional party organization in Castile, though he is recognized rather as an architect of political rebranding of Carlism in the late 19th century.
The Liñán family counts among the oldest ones in Spain; its first representative, Pier de Linyan, was noted in the early 12th century as taking part in Reconquista and serving under Alfonso I de Aragón.[1] His descendants formed a much-branched dynasty of military commanders and civil servants, many of them noted in history of the country and some in history of Latin America. One of its lines remained related to South-Eastern Aragón, holding a number of estates in the provinces of Zaragoza and Teruel.[2] Its descendant and José Pascual's grandfather, Pascual Sebastián de Liñán y Dolz de Espejo (1775-1855),[3] made his name during the Peninsular War, when he rose to a general; dispatched to New Spain and serving as governor of Veracruz, back in Spain he was capitán general de Madrid and stayed loyal to Fernando VII during the First Carlist War.[4]
Pascual Sebastián's son and José Pascual's father, Pascual de Liñán y Fernández-Rubio (1837-1920),[5] inherited some of the Aragón landholdings and entered the emerging bourgeoisie by trying his hand in the insurance business.[6] He made less of a public figure: apart from becoming the royal mayordomo de semana,[7] in the late 1870s he briefly served as a provincial Madrid deputy and an Aragon deputy to the Cortes,[8] in both cases affiliated with the Conservatives. Pascual de Liñán married María de los Dolores Eguizábal Cavanilles (died 1897),[9] daughter of an intellectual, politician, deputy and senator of the Isabelline era, José Eugenio de Eguizábal.[10] The couple lived in their properties in Aragón, Valencia and Madrid. They had 3 children, José Pascual born as the older of two sons.[11]
María Heredia Saavedra
José Pascual was first educated in Escuelas Pías de San Anton[12] and Instituto de San Isidro in Madrid, curriculum later referred to as "sólida educación cristiana",[13] and excelled in history.[14] In 1875, he was already studying derecho romano,[15] to graduate in derecho y administración in 1879.[16] Shortly afterwards he was appointed abogado fiscal sustituido at the provincial Madrid court[17] and entered the Madrid colegio de abogados,[18] becoming also secretary of Academia de Jurisprudencia y Legislación.[19] In 1880[20] he married a girl from Andalusia, María Josefa de Heredia y Saavedra (1860-1929),[21] descendant to two aristocratic families.[22] Her great-grandfather along the paternal line, Narciso Heredia y Begines de los Ríos, was the moderado prime minister in the late 1830s;[23] her maternal grandfather, Ángel de Saavedra, was briefly the prime minister in 1854, but is better known as a romantic poet and dramatist.[24] In 1891 she inherited the title of Countess of Doña Marina.[25] As her husband José Pascual de Liñán became conde-consorte.[26] Though the couple inherited a number of estates they settled in Madrid. They had one child, Narciso José de Liñán y Heredia, 3. Count of Doña Marina; he was moderately active as a Carlist and held high posts in the realm of archives and museums during the Republic and early Francoism.[27]
Author
Jura de los Fueros
Already as a child José demonstrated a knack for letters; his 1871 poem was printed in a religious review.[28] The interest was developed during his teenage years: in 1875 he used to publish theatrical reviews,[29] in 1876 he established firm co-operation with a literary periodical La Revista,[30] and in 1879 he went on publishing juvenile poetry.[31] He kept writing rhymes also later on, though they were reserved mostly for private audience.[32] It is only by the end of his life that Doña Marina resumed publishing brief poetical pieces; few of them went into print in 1928[33] and 1929.[34] Revolving around the same religious topics as verses written 50 years earlier they demonstrated also the same unshaken faith. Already juvenile works revealed a penchant for melancholy; it governs unchallenged in his late lyrics. Moderately contributing to Carlism in literature, by some foreigners he was considered him "the best Spanish poet".[35]
Works which earned Doña Marina a reputation of an erudite and intellectual are medium-size academic or semi-academic studies, published as articles in scientific and literary reviews, as stand-alone booklets or as sections of larger compilation books.[36] Their number does not exceed 40 titles; they chiefly fall into 3 areas: law, letters and history.
San Pedro y San Pablo
Liñán's juridical studies deal mostly with constitutional law and tend to be slightly flavored with politics, approached from Traditionalist perspective;[37] other tackle civil law[38] or regulations related to nobility,[39] apart from studies on history of Spanish law, including one brief synthetic attempt.[40] Almost all are of purely historical value; the exception is analysis of hereditary regulations, quoted in juridical scientific discourse as late as in 1966.[41] Historical works focus on early modern period and are usually formatted as biographical studies,[42] with some pieces clearly forming part of genealogy[43] or heraldry;[44] many exploit author's own family links. The single one which remains a point of reference until today is the work on Aragon heraldic issues.[45] Studies on history of literature also tend to deal with personalities rather than with broad phenomena.[46] Numerous minor works published in popular periodicals and formatted as reviews form part of ongoing critique and are not acknowledged here.[47] Finally, Lo que pide el obrero (1890) was a unique attempt to tackle the social question.[48] Though profoundly religious, he has never published a strictly confessional work; he did not live to complete Iconografía Mariana Española.[49]
Throughout all his life Doña Marina contributed to various periodicals, usually providing essays related to history, literature and religion. Except El Correo Español almost all of them are either local or ephemeral publications;[50] he has not published in any of the established reviews.[51] His pen-names identified were "E. Quis", "Jaime de Lobera", "Tirso de Aragón", "Pedro Pablo de Larrea" and "El Bachiller Zamudio".[52] In the late Restoration he was counted among "publicistas eminentisimos" of Traditionalism.[53]
Publisher
El Basco
Though he started contributing to popular newspapers and periodicals in the late 1870s, Liñán did not commence closer co-operation with any title and did not gain editorial experience prior to 1887; that year he entered editorial board of La Verdad, a local Traditionalist daily issued in Santander.[54] He soon took over editing the newspaper. When at this role he was assaulted on the street and suffered major injuries; perpetrators have never been identified.[55] Editing La Verdad proved to have been just an episode; following political differences with the director in 1887, he resigned few months later.[56]
Because of his Eguizábal ancestors Liñán was related to the Vascongadas and especially to Bilbao, where his maternal great-grandfather came from. Having cultivated the family link in 1888 he was invited to join the editorial board of El Vasco,[57] the Traditionalist daily since 1884 issued in the Biscay capital.[58] Together with Enrique Olea he purchased the newspaper in 1889. Liñán retained political line of the newspaper and engaged in a number of heated political debates.[59]El Vasco represented also a firm regionalist line; since 1890 the daily appeared as El Basco.[60] Periodically Doña Marina ceded editorial duties to Miguel Ortigosa and Enrique de Olea.[61] Businesswise the enterprise turned to have been a challenging one; with the number of subscribers at 700-900, El Basco was producing annual deficit of some 10,000 ptas.[62] The uphill struggle continued until 1897, when Doña Marina withdrew from El Basco;[63] afterwards it turned into an anodyne newspaper. The resignation marked abdication on Carlist fuerista line in the province,[64] regretted very much by the claimant himself.[65]
El Porvenir
After leaving El Basco Doña Marina shifted his attention to San Sebastián, where in 1898 he launched a local daily El Correo de Guipúzcoa.[66] As its director[67] he maintained Traditionalist profile of the paper, in the early 20th century ridiculed by opponents as "fracasado periodiquero" and representative of die-hard despotic Carlism.[68] None of the sources consulted specifies whether Doña Marina was directing both El Basco and El Correo from Madrid or whether he lived in Bilbao and San Sebastián on the on and off basis; in case of the latter, he ceded editorial duties first to Daniel Aizpurúa and later to Román Oyarzun.[69] Like in Biscay, also in Gipuzkoa the editorial enterprise did not last longer than a decade; at unspecified time Doña Marina withdrew, and El Correo disappeared in the early-1910s.[70] Most authors do not associate him with any other periodical; one scholar, however, claims that in the late 1910s Doña Marina one way or another controlled a Toledo daily El Porvenir, a very ephemeral episode marked by attempt to champion a Mellista line.[71]
There were many political antecedents among Liñán's ancestors, most related to conservative realm of the Isabelline era. He seemed poised to pursue career in mainstream politics as well, but things turned out differently. The person who exercised most influence on José was his maternal grandfather José Eugenio de Eguizábal,[72] who by the end of his life joined the Neo-Catholics and together with them neared the Carlists.[73] Eguizábal managed[74] to shape political outlook of the adolescent Liñán; it was furtherly reinforced by the latter's maternal uncle, José Cavanilles, who served as secretary to the legitimist claimant Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War.[75] Moreover, during his academic period Liñán joined the entourage of Ramón Nocedal, in 1877 growing to vice-president of Juventud Católica of Madrid.[76] As a result, he embraced Traditionalism in the most unusual period: in the aftermath of the war which produced military defeat and profound crisis of Carlism, the time marked by defections rather than by new adhesions. Liñán's 1879 edition of his grandfather's works was already a public declaration of Traditionalism.[77]
During most of the 1880s Liñán was moderately active within Traditionalist realm and complied with its Nocedalista format, known as Integrism: in terms of organization contributing to various periodicals, giving lectures and taking part in pilgrimages[78] rather than building party structures, in terms of theory focusing on religious fundamentalism rather than on dynastical threads.[79] When in 1887 he assumed duties in the Nocedalista-controlled La Verdad[80] it seemed that in a maturing internal party conflict between the intransigent Integros and the more flexible aperturistas he was firmly among the former. Indeed, La Verdad joined bitter guerra periodistica, fiercely confronting anti-Nocedalista publications.[81] However, when in 1888 the discord erupted into an open confrontation, Liñán did not join the breakaway Integrists and opted for loyalty to the claimant Don Carlos. His motives are not entirely clear; possibly an acute and largely personal conflict with the key Biscay Integrist José de Acillona y Garay determined his choice.[82] For the Integros Liñán was a traitor, and previously flattering references in their daily El Siglo Futuro gave way to venomous ridicule;[83] on the other hand, Carlos VII did not hesitate to express his appreciation.[84]
At the turn of the decades Liñán got engaged in emerging formal party structures in Vascongadas, by the token of his Bilbao press engagements entering the Biscay Junta Provincial.[85] He is noted as the most outspoken advocate of an autonomous Vascongadas organization, protesting as anti-foral the drafts which would submit local executive to the central Carlist Madrid junta;[86] he also demanded that provincial juntas are built bottom-up, not by appointments.[87] His endeavors were partially successful, at least in terms of preserving integrity and autonomy of the Vasco-Navarrese structures, built in the early 1890s;[88] however, among Carlist leaders Liñán was rather isolated[89] and depending on financial party support for his daily El Basco, he could have not afforded inflexible stand.[90] One scholar names him the last advocate of firmly regionalist focus of the Basque Carlism.[91]
In the early 1890s Carlism assumed a politically active format and the party decided to join electoral campaigns for the first time since the 1860s. Liñán, already conde de Doña Marina, is not listed as taking part. Due to family ties related to Aragón, because of his editorial duties active in the Vascongadas realm and residing permanently in Madrid, he is not mentioned as standing for the Cortes in any of those areas. At unspecified time having left the provincial Biscay executive, Doña Marina was also on the sidelines of the party organization; he did not hold any position within the Carlist structures, be it on the provincial (Madrid), regional (Castile) or national level. He did not appear on public party gatherings,[92] clearly preferring inner-circle meetings[93] and the role of an intellectual.[94] His position was about mobilizing support for the cause. On the national scene he emerged as a theorist, author of erudite works which advanced Traditionalist outlook; La Jura de los Fueros (1889), La política del rey (1891), La Unidad constitucional y los Fueros (1895) and La Soberanía del Papa (1898).[95] In Vascongadas as manager of El Correo de Guipúzcoa he advocated intransigent Catholicism and regional establishments.[96]
Already in the mid-1890s Doña Marina forged close relationship with the new party political leader and chief architect of the activist strategy, marqués de Cerralbo. Both shared not only the Madrid residence but also aristocratic standing, interest in history and archeology, penchant for letters, passion for collecting art and generally a refined intellectual format.[97] More importantly, they shared the vision of Carlism as a "party of order". Doña Marina was among chief exponents of the new slogan, "carlismo es una esperanza, no un temor", intended to change popular perception of the movement from a bunch of fanatic troublemakers to a respected established party.[98] His booklet designed to demonstrate the thesis got internal awards of the Madrid Círculo.[99] He was also active in anti-duel campaign,[100] a rather unusual stand for member of the group typically perceived as backwater trigger-happy rednecks.[101]
temor or esperanza?
In 1898 Doña Marina for the first time decided to compete for the Cortes; he resolved to bank on position of his family in the Teruel province, running on the Carlist ticket in two districts of Alcañiz and Valderrobres at the same time.[102] Though in the latter he managed to build a minor coalition involving the Conservatives and even the Republicans,[103] he lost in both constituencies.[104] He resumed the bid from Alcañiz in 1903, again to no avail.[105] In Gipuzkoa he restrained himself to providing propaganda support for other Carlist contenders, e.g. when fighting the Integrists and their allies from Liga Foral Autonomista. Though after 1900 de Cerralbo was forced to step down as political leader, Doña Marina remained loyal to the claimant and in 1905 was even lambasted by opponents as representative of "cesarismo carlista".[106]
Carlist: political climax
Carlist standard
Following almost 3 decades of rather modest activity within party ranks, the 1910s marked the most intense period in Doña Marina's political career. Apart from continuous work of propagandist and theorist, which earned him opinion of key writer for the cause,[107] he became a regular contender in electoral campaigns to the Cortes. He was announced in the press as running in 1910 from Alcañiz,[108] in 1914 from Daroca,[109] in 1916 from Daroca[110] (he eventually withdrew),[111] and in 1918 again from Daroca.[112] Though none of the above bids proved successful, he gradually emerged as forming the front line of party militants on the national scene.
Doña Marina started to assume major positions in the party structures. Within the regional Castilian organization, at that time led by Tomás Domínguez Romera,[113] he grew to second vice-president in 1910[114] and at times used to replace Rodezno during his absence.[115] In the mid-1910s assuming also jefatura of the Madrid junta provincial,[116] in 1913 he became the first vice-president in the region of Castilla la Nueva.[117] Finally, in early 1918 he was nominated jefe regional of New Castile.[118]
In the 1910s Carlism was increasingly plagued by a conflict between the new claimant Don Jaime and the key party theorist Juan Vázquez de Mella, who pursued his vision of a broader ultra-conservative coalition and enjoyed cautious support of de Cerralbo. Doña Marina, impressed by de Mella since the 1890s,[119] tended to side with latter. Already in 1911 he questioned rigid political line of the then party leader Bartolomé Feliú and advocated a possibilist strategy, suggesting that Carlist leaders assume command of Catholic opposition "sin las estrecheces de miras y criterios de Feliú".[120] Once in 1913 his friend regained the party leadership Doña Marina became one of his closest aides, considered "semisecretario de Cerralbo"[121] and counted among „promellistas más relevantes”.[122]
Events of the Great War played into the hands of de Mella and his supporters, as the claimant Don Jaime was left non-contactable in his house arrest in Austria. Doña Marina attempted to execute the ultraconservative coalition strategy in Aragón.[123] As the conflict translated also into debate on international affairs, he used his skills to counter the aliadófilo propaganda, launched by supporters of Don Jaime. Falling short of pursuing a pro-German line[124] Doña Marina campaigned for neutrality,[125] especially as in 1917-1918 the odds were turning against the Central Powers and the Spanish government was tempted to declare war on Berlin. Though in 1918 he signed a venerating homage to Don Jaime,[126] at that time he already eschewed the claimant, in a private letter noting that he "no profesa nuestro Credo, ni cumple nuestros mandamientos, ni reza nuestras oraciones, ni recibe nuestros sacramentos".[127] When in early 1919 Don Jaime made it to Paris, the conflict with the Mellistas flared up; following brief showdown the claimant regained control of the party. De Mella and his supporters left; Doña Marina counted among their key names.[128]
The Mellista political project was bogged by internal controversy; while de Mella opted for a close ultra-conservative alliance, Víctor Pradera advocated a loose minimalist coalition based on the lowest common denominator. Doña Marina tended to side with the latter,[129] though as usual he preferred to stay in the back row and is not listed among key protagonists of the disputes, taking place in the disintegrating Mellista camp at the turn of the decades.[130] The 1923 advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought national political life to a standstill and marked an attempt to build a new system. Pradera joined the project; by a contemporary scholar Doña Marina is counted among "mellistas praderistas".[131] There is no confirmation of him joining the primoderiverista structures, though he lent the regime his cautious support when contributing various newspaper pieces. The process climaxed in 1928; Doña Marina publicly acknowledged Alfonso XIII as a legitimate king, arguing that pledges embracing Catholic principles rendered him fit for rule also from the Traditionalist perspective.[132] Confronting rising republican tide of the Dictablanda he limited himself to praising patriotic[133] and monarchical values.[134] In 1931 he organized a mass honoring the defunct Don Jaime.[135] One author claims that in 1932 he joined the re-united Comunión Tradicionalista.[136] If so he would have been among the oldest party patriarchs,[137] but an official 1933 publication issued to commemorate the centenary of Carlism did not mention his name.[138]
Miraflores, Liñán's mansion is the building in the bottom-left corner
Since 1911 Doña Marina was involved in Sociedad Nacional de Credito,[139] an enterprise founded by José Larracea, the banker and father of his daughter-in-law.[140] Upon foundation of the company he became member of SNC's concejo de administración, his name and title featuring prominently in press adverts. In the late 1910s he grew to presidency of the company,[141] which became fairly successful on the Spanish credit market;[142] he remained at its helm until the early 1930s.[143] A member of numerous scientific institutions related to history and archeology,[144] occasionally he was referred to as "academico"[145] and "catedrático",[146] though despite a number of attempts to land a university job in 1886-1912 no source confirms he has ever assumed academic teaching duties.[147] Liñán spent his last years in the family residence in Miraflores de la Sierra, a town at the footsteps of Sierra de Guadarrama and a summer getaway for rich madrileños. Since 1929 a widower, he became almost blind[148] and reduced his activity to few religious organizations.[149] Some time in the early 1930s he ceded the Conde de Doña Marina title to his son.[150]
^José de Liñan Equizabal, Algunas notas para la biografía de D. José Eugenio de Eguizabal, [in:] José Eugenio de Eugizábal (ed.), Apuntes para una historia de la legislacion española sobre imprenta desde el año de 1480 al presente, Madrid 1879, p. XXIV
^María de los Dolores Eguizábal Cavanilles entry, [in:] Geneanet service, available here, María de los Dolores Eguizábal y Cavanilles entry, [in:] Geneallnet service, available here/
^Parroquia madrileña de San Sebastián: algunos personajes de su archivo, Madrid 1995, ISBN9788487943393, p. 520, La Lealtad 17.01.97
^in 1872 he was awarded a prize for excellent results obtained during history classes, Mariano Muñoz Herrera, Bernardo Rodríguez y Largo, Elías Alfaro y Navarro (eds.), Resumen acerca del estado del Instituto de San Isidro de Madrid, Madrid 1872, available here
^La Correspondencia de España 02.10.75, available here
^La Correspondencia de España 28.12.79, available here
^La Raza Latina 15.03.83, available here; he was later admitted also to colegio de abogados of Bilbao and San Sebastián, B. de Artagan [Reynaldo Brea], Príncipe heróico y soldados leales, Barcelona 1912, p. 185
^Annuario Almanaque de la Industria, de la Magistratura y de la Administración 1880, available here. In 1933 Liñán admitted that he had landed the job mostly thanks to his uncle Cavanilles, El Siglo Futuro 28.02.33, available here. In 1884 he became member of Junta del Gobierno of the Academy, El Imparcial 24.05.84, available here. At some point he grew to president of Sección de derecho público y Economía política, Artagan 1912, p. 182, and in 1885 to revisor, La Correspondencia de España 03.05.85, available here
^her paternal grandfather held the titles of conde de Doña Marina and marqués de Heredia, her maternal grandafther was duque de Rivas
^Narciso Heredia y Begines de los Ríos was the father María Josefa Heredia Cerviño, who married Narciso de Heredia y Peralta and was the mother of Narciso de Heredia Heredia, the father of Josefa, compare María Josefa de Heredia y Cerviño entry, [in:] Fundación Casa Ducal de Medinaceli service, available here, and Josefa Heredia Saavedra entry, [in:] Geneanet service, available here
^in 1860 the 11-year-old José Pascual was dedicated a short children’s story in El Mundo Pintoresco; the author was signed as "Javier de Palacio", compare El Mundo Pintoresco 04.11.60, available here. Its highly romantinc glow suggests it might have beev Saavedra, who was 69 at the time
^1st Count of Doña Marina died in January 1890, El Día 16.01.90, available here. His son denounced the title in favor of his daughter, Artagan 1912, p. 186
^the title was created by Alfonso XII; according to the Carlist reading he was an usurper, which rendered all titles conferred by him invalid. Hence, before accepting the title José Liñán sought authorization on part of the Carlist king Carlos VII, who granted the appropriate permission, Artagan 1912, p. 186
^ABC 17.08.55, available here. He was known also as a beekeper, see José María de Jaime Lorén, Narciso José de Liñán y Heredia, director de La Colmena, [in:] Vida apícola: revista de apicultura 187 (2014), pp. 46-47
^the poem was titled A María Santísima de los dolores and was attributed to José Liñán as a 10-year-old, La cruz: revista religiosa de España y demás paises católicos, Madrid 1871, p. 380, available here
^under the pen-name of "Tirso de Aragón", El Pabellon Nacional 14.12.75, available here
^e.g. using the pen-name of "A. de Valbuena" he published a poem, praising the virtues of reconquista, El Siglo Futuro 31.05.79, available here
^some of them commented ongoing events, e.g. in 1887 he acknowledged with a sonet an incident which left him assaulted, Artagan 1912, p. 184, he wrote a poem in wake of secularization debate of 1902, El Correo Español 12.08.02, available here, and in 1928 responded with rhymes to death of Juan Vázquez de Mella
^e.g. in 1914 he published a book of 450 pages, titled Estudios juridicos and composed of his earlier works, El Correo Español 10.02.14, available here
^La Jura de los Fueros (1889), La política del rey (1891), La Unidad constitucional y los Fueros (1895), La Soberanía del Papa (1898), Se obedece y no se cumple (1916)
^La Libertad de testar (1882), El seguro y la guerra (1898), Concepto jurídico de la injuria, según la Jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo (1925)
^Villenas, Escalonas, Osunas y Ucedas en la insigne Orden del Toisón de Oro (1913), Rehabilitación de dignidades nobiliarias (1915)
^Historia del Derecho Eapañol (1898), Lanuza y las justicias de Aragón (1911)
^when discussing two legal approaches to the question of last will, Liñán was listed among those advocating supremacy of general legal hereditary regulations over autonomy of the testator, Juan B. Vallet de Goytisolo, Significado juridico-social de las legitimas y de la libertad de testar, [in:] Anuario de derecho civil 19/1 (1966), p. 37. The issue was not irrelevant for Carlist political discourse, especially in relation to Fernando VII and his "Pragmática Sanción" of 1830
^Algunas notas para la biografía del Excmo. é Ilmo. Señor D. José Eugenio de Eguizábal (1879), Don Blasco de Alagón y Roger de Lauria (1883), El pintor de su deshonra, La bandera nacional (1896), La Condesa de Bureta (1908), San Pedro y San Pablo (Florilegio), Motes, lemas, leyendas y divisas, Antonio Aparisi y Guijarro (1911)
^El marquesado da Bogaraya (1900), Don Juan Catalina García López (1911), La Casa de Liñán (1912), Los señores de Cerralbo (1912), Los Saavedras de la Casa Ducal de Rivas (1916)
^Armorial de Aragón (1911), Diccionario de lemas heráldicos (1914)
^Luís Valero de Bernabé y Martín de Eugenio, Análisis de las caracteristicas generales de la Heráldica Gentilicia. Española y de las singularidades heráldicas existentes entre los diversos territorios históricos hispanos [PhD thesis Universidad Complutense 2007] p. 13 and passim
^Quintana como crítico, como poeta y como historiador (1908), Escritores de la Casa de Sástago, Lope de Vega (1908), El Duque poeta [on Rivas] (1930)
^see e.g. on Gabriel María Gamazo, Carlos II y su Corte (1912), [in:] Gaceta de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes 27.03.12, available here, or on poetry of José Antonio Balbontin (1910), La Epoca 13.07.10, available here
^the book gathered his earlier articles on the issue printed in El Basco
^e.g. in the 1870s he published in El Pabellon Nacional, see the issue from 14.12.75, available here, in the 1880s in El Siglo Futuro, in the 1890s in La Carcajada (Barcelona), José Navarro Cabanes, Apuntes bibliográficos de la prensa carlista, Valencia 1917, p. 185 and El Centro (Valencia), in the 1900s in El Correo Español, see the issue from 01.10.01, available here, in the 1910s in El Cruzado (Mondoñedo), Navarro Cabanes 1917, p. 281, La Patria (Novelda), Navarro Cabanes 1917, p. 288 and El Radical de Albacete, Navarro Cabanes 1917, p. 302, in the 1920 in El Nervion, in the 1930s in La Lectura dominical, see the issue from .01.12.34, available here
^it might seem surprising that even a highly religious weekly strongly flavored with Traditionalism, La Hormiga de Oro, has never published any Liñán piece, Raquel Arias Durá, La revista "La Hormiga de Oro". Análisis de contenido y estudio documental del fondo fotográfico [PhD thesis Universidad Complutense], Madrid 2013, pp. 163-205.
^Javier Real Cuesta, El Carlismo Vasco 1876–1900, Madrid 1985, ISBN9788432305108, p. 153, Navarro Cabanes 1917, p. 148
^founded by Estanislao Jaime de Labayru (1845-1904), a Biscay Traditionalist prelate, historian and publisher of strong regionalist leaning, Juan María Roma (ed.), Album histórico del carlismo, Barcelona 1933, p. 226
^Liñán clashed especially with the key Biscay Nocedalista, José de Acillona y Garay. At one point the two gentlemen met in court and Liñán had to publish public apologies for his earlier diatribes, El Siglo Futuro 06.04.89, available here
^La Correspondencia de España 31.08.97, available here
^Artagan 1912, p. 187. The daily was launched in 1898, José Varela Ortega, El poder de la influencia: geografía del caciquismo en España: (1875-1923), Madrid 2001, ISBN8425911524, p. 462
^according to one source the daily shut down in 1911, Navarro Cabanes 1917, p. 219, according to the other "shortly before" 1916, Félix Luengo Teixidor, La prensa guipuzcoana en los años finales de la Restauración (1917-1923), [in:] Historia contemporánea 2 (1989), p. 230
^Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambición política, Madrid 2000, ISBN9788487863820, p. 161
^José de Liñan Equizabal, Algunas notas para la biografía de D. José Eugenio de Eguizabal, [in:] José Eugenio de Eugizábal (ed.), Apuntes para una historia de la legislacion española sobre imprenta desde el año de 1480 al presente, Madrid 1879, p. XXIV
^Begoña Urigüen, Orígenes y evolución de la derecha española: el neo-catolicismo, Madrid 1986, ISBN9788400061579, p. 68. Already in the 1840s Eguizabal opted for a Balmesian school of sorting out the Carlist question, i.e. for the marriage of Isabella with the Carlist pretender, Liñan Equizabal 1879, p. XIII
^he passed away in 1874, when his grandson was only 16
^Artagan 1912, p. 185. He was noted e.g. for various propaganda initiatives, like venerating letters to the pope, El Siglo Futuro 03.04.77, available here
^e.g. in 1887 to Lourdes, El Siglo Futuro 14.09.87, available here
^compare e.g. his account of the Peninsular War, presentied as monarchic and Catholic struggle against revolutionary ideas from France, El Siglo Futuro 03.05.79, available here
^it was founded by Antonio de Valbuena, at that time editor of the chief Nocedalista tribune, El Siglo Futuro, Navarro Cabanes 1917, p. 138
^El Siglo Futuro 14.08.88, available here, El Siglo Futuro 22.09.88, available here
^El Siglo Futuro 22.12.88, available here, El Siglo Futuro 06.04.89, available here
^El Siglo Futuro 14.08.88, available here, also La Unión Católica 05.01.89, available here
^Carlist leaders from Vascongadas, marqués Valde-Espina, Olazabal, Zubiaga, Ampuero, Cobreros, or Sodupe or Ortiz de Zarate (Enrique) are referred to as demonstrating little interest in fuerismo, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 158
^after death of Ramón Ortiz de Zarate in 1883, Liñán was the only Carlist pundit pursuing clearly the fuerista path, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 155
^one exception was a 1910 rally in Madrid, El Correo Español 03.10. 10, available here
^see e.g. El Correo Español 29.09.06, available here
^compare e.g. his 1905 lecture Cervantes y Don Quijote, El Correo Español 17.05.05, available here. In 1909 he became a member of Junta General del Apostolado de la Prensa, a conservative lobbying group in the realm of Madrid periodicals, La Lectura Dominical 15.05.09, available here. In the 1910s, already as an authority, he used to write prologues to books by befriended authors, see El Correo Español 28.01.10, available here
^he also produced clearly propagandist items, like Biografía de don Jaime de Borbón (1890, as "Pedro Pablo de Larrea")
^including those of Navarre; in 1894 he received formal thanks from the Navarrese diputacion, El Correo Español 26.02.94, available here
^his house in Miraflores de la Sierra was referred to as sort of a museum, with paintings e.g. of Murillo, La Hormiga de Oro 27.12.34, available here
^Real Cuesta 1985, p. 132, Agustín Fernández Escudero, La contracelebración carlista del centenario de la revolución francesa, [in:] Hispania Sacra 134 (2014), p. 674
^fathered jointly with Guillermo Estrada, compare at Amazon service, see also El Correo Español 21.08.02, available here
^the thread was regularly exploited in Liberal propaganda throughout most of the 19th century, with endless articles and cartoons presenting Carlism as a reactionary movement powered by ignorance, fanaticism and backwardness. This opinion enjoyed further popularity in the 20th century, perhaps its most famous manifestation having been the phrase attributed to the socialist leader Indalecio Prieto: “a Carlist is a red-topped animal which lives in the mountains, eats communión, and attacks people”, repeated also in progressive 21st century publications, compare e.g. María Eugenia Salaverri, Lecciones de historia, [in:] El Pais 22.08.2014
^related to Vascongadas, Madrid and Aragón, he probably felt most emotionally attached to the latter; in 1916 he declared: "nada estimo tanto después de mi fe católica y tradicionalista, como mi tierra aragonesa", El Correo Español 06.03.11, available here
^La Correspondencia de España 14.01.14, available here, La Correspondencia de España 02.03.14, available here, La Correspondencia de España 10.03.14, available and indeed did run, La Correspondencia de España 10.03.14, available here
^Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis], Madrid 2012, p. 496, El Correo Español 20.04.18, available here
^he remained on excellent terms with the German diplomatic personnel in Madrid, Mundo Grafico 13.10.15, available here. His 1917 addresses were firmly advocating neutrality, though with some pro-German flavor, compare El Correo Español 07.05.17, available here
^Liñán y Eguizábal, José Pascual de entry, [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa online, available hereArchived 2016-07-04 at the Wayback Machine. In 1916 he campaigned against strongly pro-French booklet En desgravio, produced by another Carlist, Francisco Melgar, La Epoca 22.09.16, available here
^the address contained also strongly worded call for neutrality and having noted passing nature of the world empires, it noted that "sólo atentos á la voz infalible del Vicario de Cristo podremos volver á celebrar triunfos", perhaps a warning not to join the Entente, El Correo Español25.07.18, available here
^though he remained respectful of de Mella; upon death of the Traditionalist pundit in 1928, Doña Marina presided over Junta Organizadora to commemorate him, El Siglo Futuro 20.06.28, available here
^El Nervión 11.2.28, referred after Andrés Martín 2000, p. 242
^El Nervion 11.1.28, referred after Andrés Martín 2000, pp. 242-3
^Suplementa a la escuela moderna, Madrid 1930, available here
^Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo espanol vol. 28/1, Sevilla 1959, p. 143
^perhaps second only to Juan Pérez de Nájera, born 1845
^however, Liñán’s obituary published the official party mouthpiece hailed his "meritos ante la causa católica y tradicionalista", El Siglo Futuro 19.11.34, available here
^his son married Micaela Antonia Larracea Lambarri. SNdC declared objective was to provide affordable credit and "levantar el campo del crédito á una altura moral que desgraciadamente no tiene hoy día, y evitar á prestamistas y prestatarios las molestias que les produce hacer por ellos mismos sus especulaciones", La Mañana 31.05.11, available here
^Revista Ilustrada de Banca, Ferrocariles, Industria y Seguros, available here
^the capital grew from 0.6m ptas in 1911 to 2.4m in 1912 and 4.1m in 1913. La Correspondencia de España 10.02.14, available here
^the last press advert with Doña Marina listed as president came from 1929. In the early 1930s SNdC was already controlled by Banco de España, ABC 05.06.32, available here
^El Imparcial 19.02.25, available here. It is not clear whether his old ties with Academia de Jurisprudencia y Legislación continued
^"catedrático de la Universidad de Zaragoza", El Siglo Futuro 29.12.32, available here
^in 1886 he entered competition for chair of derecho politico y administrativo in Valladolid, Diario Oficial de Avisos de Madrid 26.01.86, available here; in 1889 he applied for derecho politico in Valladolid, but was not allowed to take seat following his public declaration of Carlist dynastical reading, Artagan 1912, p. 183; in 1890 he took part in oposiciones for catedra de lengua in Granada, Gaceta de Instrucción Pública 05.06.90, available here; in 1892 he entered oposiciones for derecho politico y administrativo in Granada, Gaceta de Instrucción Pública 23.03.92, available here; in 1895 for historia general del derecho espanól in Oviedo, Gaceta de Instrucción Pública 07.11.95, available here; 1898 for derecho natural in Valladolid, El Correo Español 27.08.98, available here, in 1900 for derecho natural in Valladolid, Diario Oficial de Avisos de Madrid 25.02.00, available here, for derecho canonico in Zamora and Santiago, Gaceta de Instrucción Pública 07.12.00, available here, in 1912 for elementos de derecho natural in Valladolid, finally "excluido por non haber presentado certificado de penales", Gaceta de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes 24.01.12, available here
^he was member of Adoración Nocturna and Cofradia del Santisimo Rosario, La Nación 20.11.34, available here
^there is no explicit information on the title having been ceded, but starting 1932 it is his son referred to in the press as conde de Doña Marina, compare La Epoca 13.01.32, available here, La Epoca 08.05.34, available here
Further reading
Dona Marina and his son
Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambición política, Madrid 2000, ISBN9788487863820
Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis Universidad Complutense], Madrid 2012
José de Liñan Equizabal, Algunas notas para la biografía de D. José Eugenio de Eguizabal, [in:] José Eugenio de Eugizábal (ed.), Apuntes para una historia de la legislacion española sobre imprenta desde el año de 1480 al presente, Madrid 1879, pp. V-XXXII
Javier Real Cuesta, El Carlismo Vasco 1876–1900, Madrid 1985, ISBN9788432305108
External links
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