Jeremiah 20

Jeremiah 20
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A high-resolution scan of the Aleppo Codex showing the Book of Jeremiah (the sixth book in Nevi'im)
Book	Book of Jeremiah
Hebrew Bible part	Nevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part	6
Category	Latter Prophets
Christian Bible part	Old Testament
Order in the Christian part	24

Jeremiah 20 is the twentieth chapter of the Book of Jeremiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains prophecies attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter includes the fifth of the passages known as the "Confessions of Jeremiah" (Jeremiah 20:7–18).^[1]

Text

The original text was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).^[2] Some fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, i.e., 4QJer^a (4Q70; 225-175 BCE^[3][4]) with extant verses 14‑18,^[5] and 4QJer^c (4Q72; 1st century BC)^[6] with extant verses 2‑9, 13‑15 (similar to Masoretic Text).^[7][8][9]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^Q; 6th century).^[10]

Parashot

The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex.^[11] Jeremiah 20 is a part of the Seventh prophecy (Jeremiah 18-20) in the section of Prophecies of Destruction (Jeremiah 1-25). {P}: open parashah; {S}: closed parashah.

[{S} 19:15] 20:1-3 {S} 20:4-6 {P} 20:7-12 {S} 20:13 {S} 20:14-18

Altercation with Pashhur (20:1–6)

Verse 1

Now Pashur the son of Immer the priest, who was also chief governor in the house of the Lord, heard that Jeremiah prophesied these things. ^[12]

• "Pashhur, the son of Immer", leader of the "Temple police", publicly struck Jeremiah (verse 2; KJV: "smote"), earning a prophecy of doom with the new name "magor-misabib" (Jeremiah 20:3).^[13] Pottery shards with the name Pashhur written on it were unearthed at Tel Arad in the 1970s, and this so-called "Tel Arad Ostraca" may refer to the same individual mentioned in this verse.^[14]
• "Chief governor" (from Hebrew: פקיד נגיד, pā-qîḏ nā-ḡîḏ^[15]): or "deputy governor",^[16] that is, a person overseeing "the temple, temple guards, entry into the court and so on" and must be a priest.^[17] The nagid, or "governor", of the temple was the high priest (1 Chronicles 9:11), the office held at that time by Seraiah the high priest, the grandson of Hilkiah (1 Chronicles 6:14; or possibly still his father, Azariah, Hilkiah's son and Jeremiah's brother, 1 Chronicles 6:13; Ezra 7:1), and Pashhur was his paqid (or pakid; "deputy"; cf. Jeremiah 1:10: God appointed Jeremiah, "set thee over" - literally, "have made thee Paqid"^[18]).^[16] Zephaniah held the office of paqid in Jeremiah 29:26, and his relation to the high priest is exactly defined (2 Kings 25:18; Jeremiah 52:24).^[16]

Verse 2

Then Pashur smote Jeremiah the prophet, and put him in the stocks that were in the high gate of Benjamin, which was by the house of the Lord.^[19]

The Jerusalem Bible treats Jeremiah's altercation with Passhur as part of the narrative of the broken jug in chapter 19.^[20]

Verse 3

And it came to pass on the morrow, that Pashur brought forth Jeremiah out of the stocks. Then said Jeremiah unto him, The Lord hath not called thy name Pashur, but Magormissabib.^[21]

• "Magormisabib": transliterated from Hebrew: מגור מסביב (mā-ḡōr mi-sā-ḇîḇ;^[22] "terror on every side" or "fear on every side";^[23] in this verse; Jeremiah 6:25; Psalm 31:13), is a new name given to Pashhur, the son of Immer, after he struck Jeremiah the prophet, as prophecy that Pashhur would share the fate of Jerusalem's inhabitants who were taken into the exile (Jeremiah 20:6, Jeremiah 25:8–11).^[13]

Jeremiah’s unpopular ministry (20:7–18)

This is the final section of the Confessions of Jeremiah.

See also

• Babylon
• Benjamin
• Jeremiah
• Jerusalem
• Judah
• Pashhur

Related Bible parts: Deuteronomy 25, Job 3, Psalm 31, Jeremiah 6

References

1. Diamond, A. R. (1987), The Confessions of Jeremiah in Context, JSOTSup 45, Sheffield
2. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
3. Cross, F.M. apud Freedman, D.N.; Mathews, K.A. (1985). The Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll (11QpaleoLev). Winona Lake, Indiana. p. 55
4. Sweeney, Marvin A. (2010). Form and Intertextuality in Prophetic and Apocalyptic Literature. Forschungen zum Alten Testament. Vol. 45 (reprint ed.). Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 9781608994182. ISSN 0940-4155.
5. Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 37. ISBN 9780802862419. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
6. "The Evolution of a Theory of the Local Texts" in Cross, F.M.; Talmon, S. (eds) (1975) Qumran and the History of Biblical Text (Cambridge, MA - London). p.308 n. 8
7. Tov, Emanuel (1989). "The Jeremiah Scrolls from Qumran". Revue de Qumrân. 14 (2 (54)). Editions Gabalda: 189–206. ISSN 0035-1725. JSTOR 24608791.
8. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 38.
9. Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill. pp. 568–570. ISBN 9789004181830. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
10. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
11. As reflected in the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English.
12. Jeremiah 20:1 KJV
13. Coogan 2007, pp. 1109-1110 Hebrew Bible.
14. "Arad-Canaanite city and Israelite citadel in the Negev - Site No. 6". Israeli Foreign Ministry. 20 Nov 2000. Retrieved 2019-07-08.
15. Greek Text Analysis: Jeremiah 20:1. Biblehub
16. Barnes, Albert. Notes on the Bible - Jeremiah 20. James Murphy (ed). London: Blackie & Son, 1884.
17. The Nelson Study Bible 1997, pp. 1260-1261
18. Barnes, Albert. Notes on the Bible - Jeremiah 1:10. James Murphy (ed). London: Blackie & Son, 1884.
19. Jeremiah 20:2 KJV
20. Jerusalem Bible (1966), Jeremiah 19:1-20:6
21. Jeremiah 20:3 KJV
22. Greek Text Analysis: Jeremiah 20:3. Biblehub.com
23. Note [a] on Jeremiah 20:3 in NKJV

Sources

• Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288810.
• The Nelson Study Bible. Thomas Nelson, Inc. 1997. ISBN 9780840715999.
• Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill.
• Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-0788-5. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

External links

Jewish

• Jeremiah 20 Hebrew with Parallel English

Christian

• Jeremiah 20 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate