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Janowska
Janowska
Concentration camp
	Survivors of the camp's Sonderkommando 1005 unit stand next to a bone crushing machine (taken following the liberation of the camp in 1944)
	Location of Janowska camp in modern Ukraine
Coordinates	49°51′15″N 23°59′24″E / 49.85417°N 23.99000°E
Location	Lemberg, District of Galicia, General Government (formerly Lwów, Second Polish Republic; today Lviv, Ukraine)
Operated by	SS
Operational	September 1941 – July 1944
Inmates	Primarily Jews
Number of inmates	100,000+ (estimated)
Killed	35,000–40,000 (estimated)
Liberated by	The Red Army
Website	encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/janowska

Janowska concentration camp (Polish: Janowska, Russian: Янов or "Yanov", Ukrainian: Янівський табір) was a German Nazi concentration camp combining elements of labor, transit, and extermination camps.^[1] It was established in September 1941 on the outskirts of Lwów in what had become, after the German invasion, the General Government (today: Lviv, Ukraine). The camp was named after the nearby street Janowska in Lwów of the interwar Second Polish Republic.

The Germans liquidated the camp in November 1943, with the evidence of mass murder being largely destroyed in the Nazi program of Sonderaktion 1005. Estimates put the total number of prisoners who passed through the Janowska camp at between 100,000 and 120,000, mostly Polish and Soviet Jews.^[2] The number of victims murdered at the camp is estimated at 35,000–40,000.

Background

Lwów (now Lviv) was a multicultural city just before World War II, with a population of 312,231. The city's 157,490 ethnic Poles constituted over 50 per cent, with Jews at 32 per cent (99,595) and Ukrainians at 16 per cent (49,747).^[3] After the joint Soviet-German invasion of Poland on 1 and 17 September 1939, the USSR and Nazi Germany signed the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty on 28 September 1939, which assigned about 200,000 km² (77,000 sq mi) of Polish territory inhabited by 13.5 million people of all nationalities to the Soviet Union. Lwów was then annexed to the Soviet Union as part of the Ukrainian SSR.^[4]

At the time of the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, about 160,000 Jews lived in the city;^[5] the number had swelled by tens of thousands due to the arrival of Jewish refugees from German-occupied western Poland in September 1939.^[6] Lviv was occupied by the Wehrmacht on 30 June 1941. Jews were press-ganged by the Germans to remove bodies of the victims of the NKVD prisoner massacres, for which German Nazi propaganda and Ukrainian nationalists blamed the Jews.^[7] In the ensuing July pogroms and the concurrent Einsatzgruppen murders, Ukrainian nationalists and Germans murdered thousands of Jews.^[6]

Lwów Ghetto

In early November 1941, the Germans closed-off northern portions of the city, thus forming the Lwów Ghetto.^[8] During the forced relocation of Jewish families to the newly created ghetto, German police shot and murdered thousands of elderly and sick Jews as they crossed under the rail bridge on Pełtewna Street (which came to be known as the bridge of death for the Jews). Several months later, in March 1942, German police under the SS and Police Leader of the District of Galicia SS-Brigadeführer Fritz Katzmann, began to deport Jews from the ghetto to the German Nazi Belzec extermination camp. By August 1942, more than 65,000 Jews from Lwów had been sent away aboard Holocaust trains and murdered. In early June 1943, the Germans destroyed and liquidated the ghetto.^[9]

Labour and transit camp

In addition to the Lwów ghetto, in September 1941 the occupation authorities set up a German Armament Works D.A.W. factory (Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke) in prewar Steinhaus Milling Machines Merchants (Maszyny młyńskie - Sprzedaż) on 134 Janowska Street (Grodecka 10a address),^[10] in northwestern suburbs of Lwów. This factory became a part of a network of factories owned and operated by the SS. The commandant of the camp was SS-Haupsturmführer Fritz Gebauer. The Germans used Jews who worked at this factory as forced laborers, mainly working in carpentry and metalwork.

In October 1941, the Germans established a concentration camp next to the factory, which housed the forced laborers along with other prisoners. Thousands of Jews from the Lwów ghetto were forced to work as slave laborers in this complex. When the Germans liquidated the Lwów ghetto, the ghetto's inhabitants who were fit for work were sent to the Janowska camp; the rest were deported to the German Nazi death camp Belzec for extermination. The concentration camp was guarded by a Sonderdienst battalion of the SS-trained Hiwi guards known as "Trawniki men", drawn from Soviet POWs.^[11]

In addition to being a forced-labor camp for Jews, Janowska was a transit camp during the mass deportations of Polish Jews to the killing centers in 1942 from across German-occupied southeastern Poland (now western Ukraine). Jews underwent a selection process in Janowska camp similar to that used at Auschwitz–Birkenau and Majdanek German extermination camps. Those classified as fit to work remained at Janowska for forced labor. The majority, rejected as unfit for work, were deported to Belzec and murdered, or else were shot at the Piaski ravine, located just north of the camp. In the summer and fall of 1942, thousands of Jews (mainly from the Lwów ghetto) were deported to Janowska and murdered in the Piaski ravine.^[12]

Liquidation

Ahead of the Soviet advance, in November 1943 the camp commandant SS-Hauptsturmführer Friedrich Warzok was put in charge of the evacuation of the Janowska inmates to Przemyśl.^[13] The Germans attempted to destroy the traces of mass murder during Sonderaktion 1005. Prisoners were forced to open the mass graves in Lysynychi forest 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of Lwów ghetto and burn the bodies. On 19 November 1943 the Sonderkommando inmates staged a revolt against the Germans and attempted a mass escape. Around 120 men succeeded in escaping, but many were recaptured and murdered.^[14] At the time of the camp's liquidation, the SS and their local auxiliaries murdered at least 6,000 Jews who had survived the uprising killings at Janowska, as well as Jews in other forced labor camps in Galicia.^[15]

The Soviet Extraordinary State Commission determined that over 200,000 people were murdered in Janowska in the course of the camp operation but this number is inflated. The actual death toll was between 40,000 and 80,000.^[16] The ashes mixed with crushed bones were buried to a depth of six feet (2 m) in various places.^[17] Leon Weliczker Wells [de] told the Commission that between 6 June and 20 November 1943 his "team burned more than 310,000 bodies", including 170,000 in the immediate vicinity of the camp and another 140,000 or more in the Lysynychi area of eastern Lwów.^[18] Weliczker repeated the claim of "a few hundred thousand" at Adolf Eichmann's trial in 1961.^[19] Weliczker also described his work as part of the Sonderaktion 1005 in his memoir Death Brigade (The Janowska road) (1978).

Remaining facilities at Janowska were used by the Soviets as a prison camp after its liberation in 1944.^[17]

Postwar Justice

A number of the perpetrators from the Janowska camp were tried by various courts after the war. The Lemberg Prozess (Lviv Trial) which opened in Stuttgart in 1966 tried eight former Janowska SS men of whom five were convicted.^[20] The Stuttgart Lviv Trial was the second largest Nazi trial n German history.

Tango of Death

In the Janowska concentration camp, the Germans conducted torture and executions to music. The orchestra members, inmates of the camp, were required to always play the same tune, "Tango of Death". Pre-war Polish Lwów Municipal Theater's noted Jewish musicians were among the members. Simon Wiesenthal claimed lyrics of the "Tango of Death" were written by Emanuel Szlechter, inmate of the camp and writer of lyrics to several Polish pre-war hit songs.

During hangings, the Germans ordered the orchestra to play tango, and during tortures, the musicians had to play foxtrot. Some evenings the orchestra musicians were made to play under the camp commander's windows for hours on end.

On the eve of Lwów's liberation, the Germans ordered 40 orchestra musicians to form a circle. The security guards stood around the musicians tightly and ordered them to play. First, the orchestra conductor, Jakub Mund, was executed. Then the German commandant ordered the musicians to come to the center of the circle one by one, put their instruments onto the ground and strip naked, after which they were murdered by a shot to the head.

A photo of the orchestra players was one of the incriminating documents at the Nuremberg trials.

Jakub Mund's story is described in the book called Tango of Death.^[22]

Notable inmates

Maurycy Allerhand, Polish lawyer
Adolf Beck, Polish physiologist
Janina Hescheles (later Altman), Polish-Israeli chemist and writer
Rabbi Yisroel Spira, Grand Rabbi of Bluzev (Błażowa)
Emanuel Szlechter, Polish screenwriter and lyricist
William Ungar, founder of the National Envelope Corporation
Debora Vogel, Polish philosopher and poet
Simon Wiesenthal, later Nazi hunter

References

^ Beorn, Waitman Wade (2018a). "Last Stop in Lwów: Janowska as a Hybrid Camp". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 32 (3): 445–471. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcy041.
^ Emil Kerenji (2014). Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1942–1943. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 69–70, 539. ISBN 978-1442236271.
^ Himka 2011, p. 210.
^ Gross 2002, pp. 17, 28–30.
^ Beorn 2018, p. 136.
^ ^a ^b Kulke 2012, p. 802.
^ Himka 2011, p. 211.
^ Claudia Koonz (November 2, 2005). "SS Man Katzmann's "Solution of the Jewish Question in the District of Galicia"" (PDF). The Raul Hilberg Lecture. University of Vermont: 2, 11, 16–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
^ Filip Friedman, Zagłada Żydów lwowskich (Extermination of the Jews of Lwów) OCLC 38706656.
^ Jewishgen.org (May 2005), Businesses, Partnerships and Addresses: Steinhaus Milling Machines-Merchants Archived January 29, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
^ Holocaust Encyclopedia. "Trawniki". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. permission granted to be reused, in whole or in part, on Wikipedia; OTRS ticket no. 2007071910012533. Retrieved July 21, 2011. Text from USHMM has been released under the GFDL.
^ Beorn, Waitman Wade (2024). Between the wires: the Janowska camp and the Holocaust in Lviv. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-1-4962-3759-0.
^ Levy, Alan (2006) [1993]. Nazi Hunter: The Wiesenthal File (Revised 2002 ed.). London: Constable & Robinson. ISBN 978-1-84119-607-7.
^ Beorn, Waitman Wade (2024). Between the wires: the Janowska camp and the Holocaust in Lviv. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-1-4962-3759-0.
^ USHMM. "Janowska". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
^ Beorn, Waitman Wade (2024). Between the wires: the Janowska camp and the Holocaust in Lviv. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-4962-3759-0.
^ ^a ^b Carmelo Lisciotto, H.E.A.R.T. (2007). "The Soviet Special Commission". Janowska – Lvov. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
^ Avner Falk (2008). Anti-semitism: A History and Psychoanalysis of Contemporary Hatred. ABC-CLIO. p. 191. ISBN 9780313353840.
^ "The Trial of Adolf Eichmann" Archived November 9, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Session #23 2 May 1961
^ Beorn, Waitman Wade (2024). Between the wires: the Janowska camp and the Holocaust in Lviv. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-4962-3759-0.
^ Beorn, Waitman Wade (2024). Between the wires: the Janowska camp and the Holocaust in Lviv. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-4962-3759-0.
^ O'Hare, Vinny (March 25, 2020). "Tango of Death: A True Story of a Holocaust Survivor". awesomegang.com. Retrieved April 15, 2020.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

Beorn, Waitman Wade (2024). Between the Wires: The Janowska Camp and the Holocaust in Lviv. Nebraska Univeristy Press. ISBN 9781496237590.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
Tango of Death. A True Story of Holocaust Survivors — Mr. Mintz Publishing, Mikhail Baranovskiy, 2020. - ISBN 979-8620147014
Beorn, Waitman Wade (2018). The Holocaust in Eastern Europe: At the Epicenter of the Final Solution. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1474232227.
Filip Friedman, Zagłada Żydów Lwowskich (Extermination of the Jews of Lwów) – online in Polish, Ukrainian and Russian
Gross, Jan Tomasz (2002). Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691096031.
Himka, John-Paul (2011). "The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 53 (2–4): 209–243. doi:10.1080/00085006.2011.11092673. ISSN 0008-5006. S2CID 159577084. Taylor & Francis.
Kulke, Christine (2012). "Lwów". In Geoffrey P. Megargee (ed.). Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe. II, part A. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. ISBN 978-0-253-00202-0.
Aharon Weiss, Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust (Hebrew edition), vol. 3, pp. 572–575. Map, illustration