James William Fowler III (1940–2015) was an American theologian who was Professor of Theology and Human Development at Emory University. He was director of both the Center for Research on Faith and Moral Development, and the Center for Ethics until he retired in 2005. He was a minister in the United Methodist Church.[4][5] Fowler is best known for his book Stages of Faith, published in 1981, in which he sought to develop the idea of a developmental process in "human faith".
Life and career
Fowler was born in Reidsville, North Carolina, on October 12, 1940, the son of a Methodist minister.[4] In 1977, Fowler was appointed Associate Professor of Theology and Human Development at the Candler School of Theology at Emory University.[1] He was later named Charles Howard Candler Professor of Theology and Human Development.[1][6] He died on October 16, 2015.[1]
Stages of faith
He is best known for his book Stages of Faith (1981), in which he sought to develop the idea of a developmental process in "human faith".[5]
In the book, Fowler describes 6 stages of development.
Description of the stages
No.
Fowler
Age
Piaget
0
Undifferentiated Faith
0–2 years
Sensoric-motorical
1
Intuitive- Projective
2–7 years
Pre-operational
2
Mythic- Literal
7–12 years
Concrete operational
3
Synthetic- Conventional
12+ years
Formal-operational
4
Individual-Reflective
21+ years
5
Conjunctive
35+ years
6
Universalizing
45+
Stage 0 – "Primal or Undifferentiated" faith (birth to 2 years), is characterized by an early learning of the safety of their environment (i.e. warm, safe and secure vs. hurt, neglect and abuse). If consistent nurture is experienced, one will develop a sense of trust and safety about the universe and the divine. Conversely, negative experiences will cause one to develop distrust about the universe and the divine. Transition to the next stage begins with integration of thought and language which facilitates the use of symbols in speech and play.
Stage 1 – "Intuitive-Projective" faith (ages of three to seven), is characterized by the psyche's unprotected exposure to the Unconscious, and marked by a relative fluidity of thought patterns.[8] Religion is learned mainly through experiences, stories, images, and the people that one comes in contact with.
Stage 2 – "Mythic-Literal" faith (mostly in school children), is characterized by persons have a strong belief in the justice and reciprocity of the universe, and their deities are almost always anthropomorphic. During this time metaphors and symbolic language are often misunderstood and are taken literally.
Stage 3 – "Synthetic-Conventional" faith (arising in adolescence; aged 12 to adulthood), is characterized by conformity to authority and the religious development of a personal identity. Any conflicts with one's beliefs are ignored at this stage due to the fear of threat from inconsistencies.
Stage 4 – "Individuative-Reflective" faith (usually mid-twenties to late thirties), is a stage of angst and struggle. The individual takes personal responsibility for his or her beliefs and feelings. As one is able to reflect on one's own beliefs, there is an openness to a new complexity of faith, but this also increases the awareness of conflicts in one's belief.
Stage 5 – "Conjunctive" faith (mid-life crisis), acknowledges paradox and transcendence relating reality behind the symbols of inherited systems. The individual resolves conflicts from previous stages by a complex understanding of a multidimensional, interdependent "truth" that cannot be explained by any particular statement.
Stage 6 – "Universalizing" faith. The individual would treat any person with compassion as he or she views people as from a universal community, and should be treated with universal principles of love and justice.
Empirical research
Fowler's model has inspired a considerable body of empirical research into faith development, although little of such research was ever conducted by Fowler himself. A useful tool here has been Gary Leak's Faith Development Scale, or FDS, which has been subject to factor analysis by Leak.[9]
For criticism see Developmental approaches to religion.
Publications
Stages of Faith: The Psychology of Human Development and the Quest for Meaning (1981) ISBN0-06-062866-9
Becoming Adult, Becoming Christian: Adult Development and Christian Faith (1984) (revised 1999 ISBN0-7879-5134-X)
To See the Kingdom: The Theological Vision of H. Richard Niebuhr (1974), ISBN978-0-687-42300-2
Downs, Perry G. (1994). Teaching for Spiritual Growth: An Introduction to Christian Education. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN978-0-310-59370-6.
Evans, Nancy; Forney, Deanna; Guido, Florence; Patton, Lori; Renn, Kristen (2010). Student Development in College: Theory, Research, and Practice (2nd ed.). San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass. ISBN978-0-7879-7809-9.
Osmer, Richard; Bridgers, Lynn (2018) [2015]. "James Fowler". Christian Educators of the 20th Century. La Mirada, California: Biola University. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
Wolski Conn, Joann, ed. (1986). Women's Spirituality: Resources for Christian Development. New York: Paulist Press.
Further reading
Fowler, James W. (1981). Stages of Faith: The Psychology of Human Development and the Quest for Meaning. San Francisco, California: Harper & Row. ISBN978-0-06-062840-6.
Wulff, David M. (1997). Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. ISBN978-0-471-03706-4.
Zastrow, Charles; Kirst-Ashman, Karen (2007). Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment. Belmont, California: Thomson Brooks/Cole. ISBN978-0-495-00622-0.
