Irreligion in Norway

Norway is a comparatively secular nation^[1][2][3] which no longer has a state religion, though 68.7% of the 5.4 million population belong to the Church of Norway.^[4][5][6]

A partial explanation for the high membership is that by law^[7] all children who have at least one parent who is a member, automatically become members. This has been controversial, as many become members without knowing, and as this favours the Church of Norway over other churches, religions, lifestance organisations and over the unaffiliated. This law remained unchanged even after the separation of church and state in 2012.

Irreligion and Secularization in Politics

In 2012, an amendment to the Norwegian Constitution removed the Evangelical-Lutheran religion as Norway’s official state religion.^[8] A 2017 amendment to the Church Act further expanded this separation of church and state by designating the Church of Norway as an independent legal entity removed from the state. Employees of the Church Council and the Bishop’s Offices were no longer designated as state employees but rather employees of the newly independent church. This removed some religious responsibilities from the King, who previously had the power to appoint Bishops.

Mandatory incorporation of religious (particularly Lutheran) teachings in Norwegian public primary schools has come under scrutiny in recent decades in light of increased religious pluralism and secularization in the country.^[9] In 1997, public primary schools were required to teach a course titled “Christianity, Religions and Life Stances”. While previous iterations of the course had allowed exemptions for students of different faiths, the 1997 iteration did not allow for exemptions of the same nature. In 2004, both the Norwegian Humanist Association and the Norwegian Islamic Council supported a group of parents in submitting a case against the state to the United Nations, which found the course in violation of the Human Rights Codes. The course was revised in 2008, renamed as “Religion, Philosophies of Life and Ethics” in an attempt to further incorporate both Humanist and non-Christian teachings into public education.

Between 1988 and 2008, Norway’s parliamentary parties had the highest frequency of including religious issues in their platforms compared to parties in other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Finland, and Sweden).^[10] However, despite having a higher total number of religious issues in politics, Norway also experienced the most significant decrease in total number of religious issues included over the 20-year period.

Irreligious Organizations

Humanist wedding ceremony in 2007, performed outdoors.

There are several irreligious organizations in Norway. By far the biggest, oldest and most visible is the Norwegian Humanist Association (HEF), founded in 1956, which has close to 100,000 members.^[11] Those members constitute 1.7% of the national population of 5.36 million,^[12] making the HEF by far the largest such association in the world in proportion to population.

The HEF offers civil alternatives for wedding, funeral, and Confirmation ceremonies which may typically be facilitated through religious institutions.^[13][14][15] Confirmation ceremonies remain popular as coming-of-age rituals for adolescents in Norway. In 2014, nearly 63% of Norwegians aged 15 years experienced Confirmation ceremonies through the Church of Norway.^[9] However, between 15-20% of confirmation rituals in Norway are now conducted as civil confirmations through the Norwegian Humanist Association.^[13][14][16] Known as “Humanist Confirmations”, these alternative ceremonies mark the completion of coursework in critical thinking, ethics, identity, and human rights through a Humanist lens.^[17]

Both the Church of Norway and the Norwegian Humanist Association receive financial support from the Norwegian government.^[18][15] In light of the Church of Norway being supported through taxation, nearly 600^[10] additional faith and life stance organisations such as the HEF have the opportunity to apply for and receive financial support proportional to the Church of Norway based on membership.

An additional irreligious organization is the Norwegian Heathen Society, established in 1974. This organization more directly opposes religious influence in Norway.^[19] When the city council of Oslo permitted public broadcasting of Islamic prayer calls in 2000, the Norwegian Heathen Society, in protest, applied for and was permitted the right to broadcast anti-religious sentiments in public spaces as well.

Statistics

Despite the Church of Norway’s official membership, only 2% of the Norwegian population regularly attend church.^[20] A 2021 study comparing secularization across Norway, Denmark, and Sweden using survey data from 1998, 2008, and 2018 found that affiliation with National Lutheran Churches among the Norwegian population dropped from nearly 89% in 1998 to 69.8% in 2018.^[21] This trend towards disaffiliation was most significant in Norway compared to the other two countries. It was also found that religious disaffiliation in Scandinavia at large accelerated at a faster rate between 2008 and 2018 than between 1998 and 2008, but religious disaffiliation in Norway was already significantly active between 1998 and 2008.^[22]

A plurality of Norwegians do not believe in a god. A 2016 survey asking 4,000 people "Do you believe in God?" resulted in 39% saying "No", 37% saying "Yes", and 23% saying "I don't know".^[23][24]

References

1. "Beliefs about God across Time and Countries" (PDF). Norc.org. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
2. "Religious communities and life stance communities - SSB". Ssb.no. 2015-01-01. Retrieved 2016-01-31.
3. "Beliefs about God across Time and Countries" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-07-04.
4. Church of Norway Statistics Norway 17.5.2020
5. "How important is christianity in Norway today?". NRK. March 20, 2016. Retrieved 2016-03-26.
6. "Population and population changes". Statistics Norway. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
7. "Lov om Den norske kirke (kirkeloven) - Lovdata". Retrieved 20 June 2015.
8. "Norway: State and Church Separate After 500 Years". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
9. Thomas, Paul (2015-04-03). "Managing Religion in a Global World: The United Nation's ruling against Norwegian Religious Education". Politics, Religion & Ideology. 16 (2–3): 201–217. doi:10.1080/21567689.2015.1075203. hdl:10642/4387. ISSN 2156-7689.
10. Lindberg, Jonas (2013). "Religion In Nordic Party Platforms 1988-2008" (PDF). Nordic Journal of Religion and Society. 26 (2): 121–139.
11. "Medlemsrekord: Hedvig er medlem nummer 95.000". Human-Etisk Forbund. November 21, 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
12. "Population". Statistics Norway. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
13. "Humanism in Norway: Humanism becoming the mainstream". FutureLearn. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
14. "Humanist confirmation ceremonies". FutureLearn. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
15. Doerr, Edd (July 2001). ""Report from Norway"". The Humanist. 61 (4): 43.
16. andy (2009-05-01). "One in six chooses Humanist Confirmation in Norway". Humanists International. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
17. "Humanistisk konfirmasjon". Human-Etisk Forbund (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2022-10-28.
18. "Norway 2021 International Religious Freedom" (PDF). 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
19. [link.gale.com/apps/doc/A62023942/AONE?u=mlin_b_bumml&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=db4fdc89 "Equal Time for Norwegian Atheists"]. The Christian Century. 117 (13): 453. 19 April 2000. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)
20. "Most non-religious Norwegians are members of the Church of Norway". Universitetet i Agder. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
21. Lemos, Carlos; Pga-Gonzalez, Ivan (2 June 2021). "Belief in God, Confidence in the Church and Secularization in Scandinavia". Secularism and Nonreligion. 10 – via Gale Academic Onefile.
22. Andreassen, Bengt-Ove (2013). "Religion Education in Norway: Tension or Harmony between Human Rights and Christian Cultural Heritage?". Temenos - Nordic Journal for Study of Religion. 49 (2): 137–164. doi:10.33356/temenos.9544. hdl:10037/25712. ISSN 2342-7256.
23. "Hvor sterkt står kristendommen i Norge i dag?". NRK.no. 2016-03-20. Retrieved 2016-03-26.
24. "For first time, majority in Norway don't believe in God - The Local". Thelocal.no. Retrieved 2016-05-15.