Iris afghanica

Iris afghanica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Iridaceae
Genus:	Iris
Subgenus:	Iris subg. Iris
Section:	Iris sect. Regelia
Species:	I. afghanica
Binomial name
Iris afghanica Wendelbo
Synonyms[1]
None known

Iris afghanica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Afghanistan, with thin bluish-green leaves and creamy yellow or white flowers, that are veined with purple-brown. It has yellow-green or purple beards. Although, in the wild, it can vary in colour and size. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Description

It has a small brown rhizome.^[2][3] Underneath, are long thin secondary roots.^[3]

It forms small tufts of plants,^[3][4][5] which can be up to 20 cm (8 in) across.^[2][5]

It has slender, bluish-green leaves,^[3][4][6] which have a narrow white, membranous inner margin.^[5] They can reach up to 30 cm (12 in) long,^[3] and between 0.2 and 0.6 cm wide but the outer leaves are often sickle-shaped (falcate).^[6][7][8] The leaves appear in February (in Europe) and after flowering they die away completely.^[3]

The plants can vary in size depending on the location and the altitude.^[3][6] At higher altitudes, the plants are deeper in colour and smaller (around about 10 cm tall). At lower altitudes, the plants are larger (around 25–30 cm (10–12 in) tall) and more paler in colour.^[6]

The stems (or scapes) can grow up to between 15–45 cm (6–18 in) tall.^[9][10][11]

The stems hold 1,^[4][5][8] sometimes 2 terminal (top of stem) flowers,^[7][10] in late spring to early summer,^[4][7] between April and June.^[3][12]

The flowers are 8–9 cm (3–4 in) in diameter,^[4][7][11] come in shades of creamy yellow or white.^[8][13][12]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.^[6][12] The cream or white, drooping falls have a central purple signal patch,^[4][7][11] surrounded by purple-brown veining.^[8][12][9] In the centre of the petal is a beard of greenish yellow or purple hairs.^[13][12][9] The pale yellow upright standards,^[9][10][11] are 6–7 cm (2–3 in) long,^[7] they have a beard of greenish hairs on the lower part.^[4][7][13]

As mentioned before, the plants can vary in colour due to altitude, the lower altitude plants can have pure white standards.^[5]

It has a short style arm (above the falls) that is yellow, and veined with pale green.^[5]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, which has not been described.

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.^[12] It has been counted twice, as 2n=22, by Gustafsson & Wendelbo, in 1975 and 2n=22, by Johnson & Brandham in 1997.^[5] It is commonly published as 2n=22.^[3][13][9]

Taxonomy

The Latin specific epithet afghanica refers to the country of Afghanistan, (where the iris comes from).^[14][15]

In 1964, it was found by Rear Admiral Paul Furse and his wife Polly, in Afghanistan, on the northern side of the Salang Pass in the Hindu Kush, north of the city of Kabul. They initially thought that the iris was similar to Iris darwasica. Later in 1966, on another plant hunting trip, they found more specimens of the iris and realised it was a new species.^[3][6][16]

It was first published and described by Per Wendelbo in 'Findings of the Royal Botanical Gardens of Edinburgh' (Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh) Vol.31 Issue 2, page 338 in 1972.^[17][18][19]

It was also published in the Botanical Magazine Vol.668 in 1974.^[7]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 2 December 2004.^[17]

Iris afghanica is an accepted name by the RHS.^[20]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Asia.^[17]

Range

It is found in north eastern Afghanistan.^[18][19][21]

It is found in the Provinces of Afghanistan, within Balkh and Zabul Province regions,^[19] along the Salang River,^[3] or in Kataghan Province.^[3][5] One source mentions the distribution range also extends to Pakistan.^[8]

Habitat

It grows on the sunny, rocky mountain slopes composed of granite or shale,^[3][4][6]

It was also recorded by Grey-Wilson (1973), as growing "amongst boulders along the banks of the Salang River or on rocky slopes amongst grasses away from the river confines".^[5]

They can be found at an altitude of between 1,500 to 3,300 m (4,900 to 10,800 ft) above sea level.^[3][4][5][6]

Conservation

As of 26 May 2015, the iris has not yet been evaluated to IUCN Red List criteria.^[6]

Cultivation

It is hardy to European Zone H4.^[7] Within UK, it is hardy but is best grown within a well-ventilated cold frame or alpine house. It replicate the natural conditions of hot, dry summers and freezing winters.^[6]

It is best grown within well drained soils in a sunny situation.^[6]

The plant is very sensitive to moisture and it needs to be heated in the sun.^[3] The rhizomes are very prone to viral diseases, if they are exposed to moisture or dampness.^[3]

It can be seen in the 'Davies Alpine House' within Kew Gardens.^[6]

It is rare in cultivation (within the US),^[4] but established in cultivation (within Europe).^[6]

Propagation

It can be propagated by division or by seed growing. Division is better carried out in late summer.^[6]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.^[6]

References

1. "Iris afghanica Wendelbo is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
2. British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 255, at Google Books
3. "chapitre I (partie 8) Les Regelia". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
4. "Iris afghanica". encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
5. Higgins, Betsy (11 June 2014). "(SPEC) Iris afghanica Wend". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 16 May 2015.
6. "Iris afghanica". kew.org. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
7. James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 259, at Google Books
8. "Iris – Afghanistan White Bearded Afghanistan White Bearded Iris". plantlifeforms.com. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
9. "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
10. Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-88192-089-5.
11. Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 71. ISBN 978-0715305393.
12. Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0881927306.
13. Kramb, D. (14 September 2004). "Iris Afghanica". signa.org. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
14. Smith, A.W.; Stearn, William T. (1972). A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names (Revised ed.). Cassell and Company (published 1963). pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0304937219.
15. Bird, Richard (Spring 1990). "Understanding Latin". The Seed Raising Journal. 4 (2). Thompson & Morgan. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
16. "Furse, J. Paul W. (1904–1978)". jstor.org. Retrieved 28 May 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
17. "Iris afghanica". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
18. "Iridaceae Iris afghanica Wendelbo". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 16 May 2015.
19. Podlech, D. (2012). "Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Afghanistan" (PDF). sysbot.biologie.uni-muenchen.de. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
20. "Iris afghanica". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
21. Kaššák, Pavol (2012). "Secondary Metabolites Of The Choosen [sic] Genus Iris Species" (PDF). Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendel. Brun. 32 (8): 269–280. doi:10.11118/actaun201260080269. Retrieved 2 February 2015.

Sources

• Heywood and Chant, 1982. Popular Encyclopedia of Plants. 181.
• Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 61.
• Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica.

External links

• Has photos of the iris in flower
• Data related to Iris afghanica at Wikispecies