Impeachment by state and territorial governments of the United States

See also: Impeachment in the United States, Federal impeachment in the United States, Impeachment inquiry in the United States, and Impeachment trial

Photograph of a scene from the 1913 impeachment of New York Governor William Sulzer

Similar to the Congress of the United States, state legislatures can impeach state officials, including governors and judicial officers, in every state except Oregon.^[1][2] In addition, the legislatures of the territories of American Samoa,^[3] Northern Mariana Islands,^[4] and Puerto Rico^[5] have impeachment powers. Impeachment describes the process through which the legislature may bring charges and hold a trial with a penalty including removal from office.

Some aspects of how impeachment is conducted in different states and territories different, however they all commonly follow the bifurcated model used by the federal government of having a legislative chamber first vote to impeach an official before then holding an impeachment trial to determine whether to convict and remove that official.

Impeachment processes by state/territory

Some aspects of how impeachment is conducted in different states and territories different, however they all commonly follow the bifurcated model used by the federal government of having a legislative chamber first vote to impeach an official before then holding an impeachment trial to determine whether to convict and remove that official. This takes cues from the practice of impeachment in England.^[6] Like the federal government, most have their lower chamber of their legislatures hold the vote to impeach, and have the subsequent impeachment trial take place in the upper chamber of their legislatures.^[6][1] However, several states do differ from the convention of holding the impeachment trial in their upper chamber. In a reverse, in Alaska it is the upper chamber of the legislature that votes to impeach while the lower chamber acts as the court of impeachment.^[1] In Missouri, after the lower chamber votes to impeach, an impeachment trial is held before the Supreme Court of Missouri, except for members of that court or for governors, whose impeachments are to be tried by a panel of seven judges (requiring a vote of five judges to convict), with the members of the panel being selected by the upper legislative chamber, the Missouri State Senate.^[7] In Nebraska, which has a unicameral legislature, after the Nebraska Legislature votes to impeach, an impeachment trial takes place before the Nebraska Supreme Court.^[1] In addition to all the members of its upper chamber, the state of New York's Court of the Trial of Impeachments also includes all seven members of the state's highest court, the New York Court of Appeals.^[8]

Current impeachment procedure by state/territory/federal district

State/territory/fed. district	Body which impeaches	Body which holds trial/convicts	Offices subject to impeachment by state/territorial government	Presiding officer specifications for trials	Specified reasons for which officials can be impeached[1]	Notes
Alabama	House of Representatives (majority vote needed)	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	Governor Lieutenant governor Attorney general State auditor Secretary of state State treasurer Commissioner of agriculture and industries Justices of the Supreme Court Appellate court judges Members of the Board of Education County officers Officers of incorporated cities and towns Trustees of the Alabama Trust Fund		"Willful neglect of duty, corruption in office, incompetency, or intemperance in the use of intoxicating liquors or narcotics to such an extent, in view of the dignity of the office and importance of its duties, as unfits the officer for the discharge of such duties for any offense involving moral turpitude while in office, or committed under color thereof, or connected therewith"	House of Representatives rules currently require a several-step process before a vote on impeachment can be held, including a requirement that 63 members of the House (equivalent to three-fifths of its membership) vote to permit articles of impeachment to be considered by the House	[9][10]
Alaska	Senate (two-thirds vote needed)	House of Representatives (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	"All civil officers of the State"	A justice of the Supreme Court (all trials)	None specified, but motion for impeachments are required to list fully the basis for the proceeding	Judgement is limited to removal from office (no ability to bar future eligibility to hold office)	[11]
American Samoa (territory)	House of Representatives (support of two-thirds of the membership needed)	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	Governor; lieutenant Governor; chief justice and associate justices of the High Court of American Samoa; associate judges; district court judges	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of American Samoa	None specified, but Legislature is to provide the causes for impeachment		[12]
Arizona	House of Representatives (majority of the entire membership needed)	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	"Every public officer in the state of Arizona, holding an elective office, either by election or appointment"	Chief justice of Arizona (all trials except for trials of the chief justice) (Should the chief justice be on trial or otherwise disqualified from presiding, the Senate chooses another judge of the Arizona Supreme Court to preside)	"High crimes, misdemeanors, or malfeasance in office"		[13]
Arkansas	House of Representatives (majority vote needed)	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed)	All state officers (including the governor), judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts, chancellors, prosecuting attorneys	Chief justice of the Supreme Court of Arkansas (all trials except for trials of the chief justice) (Should the chief justice be on trial or otherwise disqualified from presiding, the Senate chooses another presiding officer)	"High crimes and misdemeanors and gross misconduct in office"		[14][15]
California	State Assembly	State Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	"State officers elected on a statewide basis, members of the State Board of Equalization, and judges of state courts"		"Misconduct in office"	Impeached officials are suspended from practicing the functions their office until the judgement of the trial; convictions can result in removal from office and disqualification or alternative in temporary suspension from office; trials are required to be prosecuted by impeachment managers elected by the State Assembly. The impeachment managers author the articles of impeachment on which the officer is to be tried by the Senate.	[16][17]
Colorado	House of Representatives (support of a majority of the membership needed)	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	"Governor and other state and judicial officers"	Chief justice of the Supreme Court (gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial trials)	"High crimes or misdemeanors or malfeasance in office"	General Assembly has the power to also suspend "any officer in his functions pending impeachment...for misconduct in office."	[18]
Connecticut	Connecticut	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	"Governor, and all other executive and judicial officers"	Chief justice of the Supreme Court (gubernatorial trials)	none specified		[19]
Delaware	Delaware (support of two-thirds of the membership needed)	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	"Governor and all other civil officers"	Chief justice of the Supreme Court (gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial trials) (In the absence or disability of the chief justice, the Chancellor of the Delaware Court of Chancery is to preside) President of the Senate (all other trials)	"Treason, bribery, or any high crime or misdemeanor in office"		[20]
District of Columbia (federal district)	(no impeachment clause)
Florida	House of Representatives (two-thirds vote needed)	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	Governor, administrative officers of the Executive Department, justices of the Supreme Court of Florida, and judges of the Circuit Court	Chief justice of the Supreme Court of Florida (all trials, except trials of themselves) Governor (trials of the chief justice of the Supreme Court)	"Misdemeanor in office"	The Constitution of Florida requires that impeachment trials be concluded within six months of the impeachment vote. Additionally, the Constitution of Florida explicitly permits the speaker of the House to committees to conduct impeachment inquiries.	[21]
Georgia	House of Representatives	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	"Any executive or judicial officer" of Georgia or "any member of the General Assembly"	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia (if the chief justice is disqualified, then the presiding justice of the Supreme Court is to preside. If the presiding justice too is disqualified, then the Senate is to select another justice of the Supreme Court to preside)	None specified		[22]
Guam (territory)	(no impeachment clause)
Hawaii	House of Representatives	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	Governor, lieutenant governor, and "any appointive officer for whose removal the consent of the senate is required"	Chief justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaii	"For causes that may be provided by law"		[23]
Idaho	House of Representatives	Senate (two-thirds vote with a majority quorum needed to convict)	None specified		Chief justice of the Supreme Court of Idaho (gubernatorial trials)	After articles of impeachment against them are presented to the Senate, officers are temporarily suspended from their office and prohibited from acting in their official capacity until the judgement of the trial. Upon such suspension of any state officer, the office "must at once be temporarily filled by an appointment made by the governor, with the advice and consent of the senate" until the impeached officer is acquitted or (in case of removal) until the vacancy is permanently filled as required by law."	[24][25]
Illinois	House (majority vote needed)	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	"Executive and Judicial officers"	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (gubernatorial trials)	none, but legislative investigations are required to determine a cause		[26]
Indiana	House of Representatives	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	"All state officers" (except justices of the Supreme Court of Indiana; judges of the Court of Appeals of Indiana; judges of the Indiana tax court; all other judges; prosecuting attorneys; and all county, city, town, and township officers)	Chief justice of the Supreme Court of Indiana (gubernatorial trials)	"Crime, incapacity, or negligence"	Trials required to be prosecuted by impeachment managers that are elected by the House of Representatives. Impeachment managers are also to author the articles of impeachment.	[27]
Iowa	House	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	Governor, judges of the Supreme Court of Iowa and Iowa District Courts, and other state officers		"Misdemeanor or malfeasance in office"		[28]
Kansas	House	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	Governor and all other state constitutional officers		"Treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors"		[29]
Kentucky	House	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	Governor and all civil officers	Chief justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals (gubernatorial impeachments) President of the Senate (all other impeachments)	"Misdemeanor in office"		[30][31]
Louisiana	House of Representatives	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	State or district officials (elected or appointed)		"Felony, malfeasance, or gross misconduct while in such office"		[32]
Maine	House of Representatives	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	"Every person holding civil office under this State, may be removed by impeachment"		"Misdemeanor in office"	Maine also allows removal by "address", where the governor has to power to remove any officer holder on the address of the Legislature	[33]
Maryland	House of Delegates (majority of the entire membership needed)	Senate (two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	Governor, lieutenant governor, judges		"No grounds listed"		[34]
Massachusetts	House of Representatives	Senate	"Any officer or officers of the commonwealth"		"Misconduct or maladministration in office"		[35]
Michigan	House of Representatives (majority of the entire membership needed to impeach)	Senate (two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)		"Corrupt conduct in office or crimes or misdemeanors"		Impeachment trial is to be prosecuted by three impeachment managers elected from and by the House of Representatives; impeached judicial officers are suspended from practicing the functions their office until the judgement of the trial	[36]
Minnesota	House of Representatives (majority of the entire membership needed)	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	Governor, secretary of state, auditor, attorney general, justices of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and District Courts		"Corrupt conduct in office or crimes or misdemeanors"	Impeached officials are suspended from exercising the duties of their office until the judgement of the trial	[37]
Mississippi	House of Representatives (two-thirds vote needed)	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	Governor and all other civil officers	Chief justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi (gubernatorial impeachments) (if chief justice is disqualified, disabled, or declines to preside, the next-longest tenured Supreme Court judge is to preside)	"Treason, bribery, or any high crime or misdemeanor in office"		[38]
Missouri	Missouri House of Representatives	Supreme Court of Missouri for most impeachments Panel of seven judges selected by Missouri Senate for impeachments of governors or members of the Supreme Court of Missouri (five-sevenths vote needed to convict)	"All elective executive officials of the state" and justices of the Supreme Court of Missouri, Missouri Court of Appeals, and Missouri Circuit Courts		"Crimes, misconduct, habitual drunkenness, willful neglect of duty, corruption in office, incompetency, or any offense of moral turpitude or oppression in office"		[39][40]
Montana	House of Representatives (two-thirds vote needed)	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	"The governor, executive officers, heads of state departments, judicial officers, and such other officers"		"Legislature must determine causes, manner, and procedure for impeachment"		[41][42]
Nebraska	Legislature (support of majority of the membership needed)		Supreme Court for most impeachments (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict) A panel of seven judges of the district court in which the Capitol is located selected at random by the clerk of the judicial district for impeachments of justices of the Nebraska Supreme Court (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	Civil officers	"Misdemeanor in office. Alleged acts or omissions must be stated in impeachment resolution"	Trials are to be prosecuted by two impeachment managers elected by and from the Legislature	[43][44]
Nevada	Assembly (support of majority of the membership needed)	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	Governor and other state and judicial officers, except justices of the peace and state legislators	Chief justice of the Supreme Court (gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial impeachments)	"Misdemeanor or malfeasance in office"		[45][46]
New Hampshire	House of Representatives	Senate	Officers (including members of the Executive Council)	Chief justice of the Supreme Court (gubernatorial impeachments)	"Bribery, corruption, malpractice, or maladministration in office"		[47][48][49]
New Jersey	General Assembly (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)		All state officers (including the governor, justices of the Supreme Court, and judges of the Superior Court, etc.) during their tenure in office as well as the two years after they leave office	Chief justice of the Supreme Court	"Misdemeanor while in office"		[50]
New Mexico	House of Representatives (support of majority of the membership needed)	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)		Chief justice of the Supreme Court (for gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial impeachments)	"Crimes, misdemeanors, or malfeasance in office"		[51]
New York	State Assembly (support of majority of the membership needed)	Court for the Trial of Impeachments made up of members of the Senate and the Court of Appeals. In gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial impeachments, the lieutenant governor and the temporary president/majority leader of the Senate are prohibited from participating (two-thirds vote needed to convict)			None specified	Impeached judicial officers are suspended from their office until the judgement of the trial	[52][53][54]
North Carolina	House of Representatives (majority vote needed)	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict with a majority quorum)		Presiding officer of the Senate (most impeachments) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial impeachments)	"Commission of a felony, a misdemeanor involving moral turpitude, malfeasance in office, or willful neglect of duty"	Impeached officials are suspended from their office until the judgement of the trial	[55] [56]
North Dakota	House of Representatives (support of majority of the membership needed)	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed for conviction)	"Governor and other state and judicial officers of the state, except municipal judges"		"Habitual drunkenness, crimes, corrupt conduct, or malfeasance or misdemeanor in office"		[57]
Northern Mariana Islands (territory)	House of Representatives (two-thirds vote needed)	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	Governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, justices and judges	no specified directive	"Treason, commission of a felony, corruption or neglect of duty" (governor and lieutenant governor) "Treason, commission of a felony or crime of moral turpitude, corruption, or neglect of duty" (attorney general) "Treason, conviction of a felony, corruption, neglect of duty or conviction of any crime involving moral turpitude" (justices and judges)		[58][59]
Ohio	House of Representatives (support of majority of the membership needed)	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	"Governor, judges, and all state officers"		"Misdemeanor in office"		[60]
Oklahoma	House of Representatives	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	Governor and "other elective state officers" (including the justices of the Supreme Court and judges of the Court of Criminal Appeals)	Chief justice of the Supreme Court (most impeachments) (in their absence or disqualification, an associate justice of the Supreme Court selected by the Senate is to preside) Presiding officer chosen from and by the Senate (impeachments of Supreme Court justices)	"Willful neglect of duty, corruption in office, habitual drunkenness, incompetency, or any offense involving moral turpitude while in office "		[61]
Oregon	(no impeachment clause)						[62]
Pennsylvania	House	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	"Governor and all other civil officers"		"Misbehavior in office"		[63]
Puerto Rico (territory)	House of Representatives (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to impeach)	Senate (support of three-fourths of the membership needed to convict)		Chief justice of the Supreme Court (gubernatorial impeachments)	"Treason, bribery, other felonies, and misdemeanors involving moral turpitude"	Judgement is limited to removal from office (no ability to bar future eligibility to hold office)	[64]
Rhode Island	House of Representatives (two-thirds vote needed)	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	"Governor and all other executive and judicial officers"	Chief or presiding justice of the Supreme Court (gubernatorial impeachments)	Incapacitation or guilt for "the commission of a felony or crime of moral turpitude, misfeasance, or malfeasance in office or found incapacitated" (elected officers) Incapacitation or guilt for "the commission of a felony or crime of moral turpitude, misfeasance or malfeasance in office or violation of the canons of judicial ethics" (judges)	Impeachment resolutions will not be considered by the House unless they are signed by a quarter of House members; impeached officers are suspended from office until the judgement of the trial is pronounced; judgement is limited to removal from office (no ability to bar future eligibility to hold office)	[65]
South Carolina	House of Representatives (support of two-thirds of the membership needed)	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	"Officials elected on a statewide basis, state judges, and such other state officers as may be designated by law"	Chief justice of the Supreme Court (gubernatorial impeachments) if the chief justice is disqualified, then the senior justice is to preside	"Serious crimes or serious misconduct in office"	Impeached officials are suspended from their office until the judgement of the trial is pronounced; judgement is limited to removal from office (no ability to bar future eligibility to hold office)	[66]
South Dakota	House of Representatives (support of majority of the membership needed)	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	"Governor and other state and judicial officers, except county judges, justices of the peace and police magistrates"	Lieutenant governor is prohibited from presiding over or participating in gubernatorial impeachment trials	"Drunkenness, crimes, corrupt conduct, or malfeasance or misdemeanor in office"	Impeached officials are suspended from their office until the judgement of the trial; South Carolina constitution's impeachment rules include a double jeopardy clause protecting any officer against being impeached twice for the same offense	[67]
Tennessee	House of Representatives	Senate (support of two-thirds of senators sworn-in to try the impeachment is needed to convict)	Governor, judges of Supreme Court, judges of the inferior courts, chancellors, attorneys for the state, treasurer, comptroller, and secretary of state	Chief justice of the Supreme Court (most impeachments) Senior associate judge of the Supreme Court (impeachments of the chief justice of the Supreme Court)	Committing of "any crime in their official capacity which may require disqualification"	Trial to be prosecuted by three impeachment managers elected by and from the House; the General Assembly has the authority to remove any disqualification from holding office that was placed on an individual through a past impeachment judgement; the Legislature has the authority to initiate similar removal proceedings against justices of the peace, and other civil officers not eligible for impeachment, with removal/disqualification trial to take place in any "court" which the Legislature directs (such trials effectively amount to impeachment, but unlike impeachment are also allowed to enforce "other punishment as may be prescribed by law"	[68]
Texas	House of Representatives	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	Governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, land commissioner, comptroller and judges		None specified	Impeached officials are suspended from their office until the judgement of the trial; Texas Constitution enables the Legislature to pass laws allowing for removal trials for officers that are not eligible for impeachment; with two-thirds approval from each chamber of the Legislature; the governor can remove judges for "wilful neglect of duty, incompetency, habitual drunkenness, oppression in office, or other reasonable cause which shall not be sufficient ground for impeachment" with the judges to be able to defend themselves in hearing before the Legislature votes	[69]
United States Virgin Islands (territory)	(no impeachment clause)						[70][71]
Utah	House of Representatives (support of two-thirds of the membership needed)	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	"Governor and other state and judicial officers"	Chief justice of the Utah Supreme Court (gubernatorial impeachments) in the case that they are disqualified or unable to act, Senate is to select another Supreme Court justice to preside	"High crimes, misdemeanors, or malfeasance in office"	Impeached judicial officers are suspended from their office until the judgement of the trial with temporary replacements to be appointed by governor and confirmed by the Senate	[72]
Vermont	House of Representatives (support of two-thirds needed)	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	"Every officer of State, whether judicial or executive"; "state criminals"		Maladministration		[73][74]
Virginia	House of Delegates	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	Governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, judges, members of the State Corporation Commission, and all officers appointed by the governor or elected by the General Assembly		"Offending against the Commonwealth by malfeasance in office, corruption, neglect of duty, or other high crime or misdemeanor"		[75]
Washington	House of Representatives (support of majority of the membership needed)	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	"Governor and other state and judicial officers, except judges and justices of courts not of record	Chief justice of the Supreme Court (gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial impeachments)	"High crimes or misdemeanors, or malfeasance in office"		[76]
West Virginia	House of Delegates	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	Any "officer of the state"	President of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals	"Maladministration, corruption, incompetency, gross immorality, neglect of duty, or any high crime or misdemeanor"		[62]
Wisconsin	State Assembly (support of majority of the membership needed)	Senate (two-thirds vote needed to convict)	"All civil officers"	For gubernatorial impeachments, lieutenant governor is prohibited from participating/presiding	"Corrupt conduct in office, crimes and misdemeanors"	Judicial officers are suspended from their office until judgement of the trial	[77]
Wyoming	House of Representatives (support of majority of the membership needed)	Senate (support of two-thirds of the membership needed to convict)	"Governor and other state and judicial officers except justices of the peace"	Chief justice of the Supreme Court (gubernatorial impeachments)	"High crimes and misdemeanors, or malfeasance in office"		[78]
State/territory/fed. district	Body which impeaches	Body which holds trial/convicts	Offices subject to impeachment by state/territorial government	Presiding officer specifications for trials	Specified reasons for which officials can be impeached[1]	Notes

Officials impeached by state and territorial governments

There have been in excess of 100 impeachments of officials by state governments.

Double-counting those who were twice-impeached, subjects of state and territorial impeachments have included:

• 22 governors (20 of state governors, 2 of territorial governors)
• 1 lieutenant governor
• 5 attorneys general
• 7 state treasurers
• 4 state auditors
• 51 judges and justices
• 3 insurance commissioners
• 4 county sheriffs
• 2 justices of the peace
• 2 surveyors

Date	State		Accused	Office	Result
December 8, 1780[79]	Pennsylvania		Francis Hopkinson	Judge of the Pennsylvania Court of Admiralty	Not removed (acquitted on December 26, 1780)[79]
June 17, 1790[80]	New Hampshire		Woodbury Langdon	Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court	Resigned[80]
1791[81][82]	Georgia		Henry Osborne	Superior Court judge	Removed[83]
April 5, 1793[84]	Pennsylvania		John Nicholson	Comptroller general of Pennsylvania	Not removed (acquitted in April 22, 1794)[84][79]
December 17, 1798[85]	Tennessee		David Campbell	Judge of the Superior Court	Not removed (acquitted)[85]
October 1799[73]	Vermont		William Coley	High Sheriff of Bennington County	Not removed; the General Assembly acted beyond its authority and ruled that the impeachment invalid; and no trial was subsequently held before the Governor and Council.[73]
1800[86]	Vermont		John Chipman	Sheriff of Addison County	Not removed; while impeachment orders were brought by the Council of Censors, the General Assembly resolved not to prosecute the impeachment[86]
			Prince Hall	Sheriff of Franklin County
1802[87]	Pennsylvania		Alexander Addison	District judge	Removed in January 1803[88]
1803[30]	Kentucky		Thomas Jones	Surveyor of Bourbon County	Resigned during trial; trial was continued and Jones was convicted and disqualified from holding office[30]
September 28, 1803[85]	Tennessee		David Campbell	Judge of the Superior Court	Not removed (acquitted on October 6, 1803)[85]
March 23, 1804[89]	Pennsylvania		Thomas Smith	Associate justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania	Not removed (acquitted on January 28, 1805)[90][91]
			Edward Shippen IV	Chief justice of Pennsylvania
			Jasper Yeates	Associate justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
February 22, 1805[92]	Ohio		William W. Irvin	Associate justice of the Fairfield County, Ohio, Court of Common Pleas	Removed on January 11, 1806[92]
September 3, 1806[85]	Tennessee		John Philips	Justice of the peace in Robertson County, Tennessee	Not removed (acquitted on October 24, 1807)[85]
September 3, 1806[85]	Tennessee		Isaac Philips	Justice of the peace in Robertson County, Tennessee	Removed on October 24, 1807 and disqualified from holding state office for a period of two years[85]
1807[93]	Pennsylvania		Thomas McKean	Governor of Pennsylvania	Not removed; no trial held and the impeachment was abandoned[94]
December 24, 1808[95]	Ohio		Calvin Pease	Judge of the Third Circuit Court of Ohio	Not removed (acquitted in February 1809)[95]
December 24, 1808[95]	Ohio		George Tod	Associate Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court	Not removed (acquitted on January 20, 1809)[95]
November 7, 1811[85]	Tennessee		William Cocke	Judge of the First Circuit Court of Tennessee	Removed on October 10, 1812[85]
March 1817[96]	Pennsylvania		Thomas Clark	Associate judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County	Not removed (acquitted on March 18, 1817)[96]
			Walter Franklin	President judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County	Not removed (acquitted on March 18, 1817)[96]
			Jacob Hibshman	Associate judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County	Not removed (acquitted on March 18, 1817)[96]
November 3, 1821[85]	Tennessee		Samuel H. Williams	Surveyor general of the Seventh District	Removed on August 10, 1822[85]
March 17, 1825[97]	Pennsylvania		Walter Franklin	President judge of the Courts of Common Pleas of Lancaster County and York County	Not removed (acquitted on April 7, 1825)[97][98]
April 11, 1825[89]	Pennsylvania		Seth Chapman	Judge of the Eighth Judicial District of Pennsylvania	Not removed (acquitted on February 18, 1826)[89]
April 11, 1825[89]	Pennsylvania		Robert Porter	Judge of the Third Judicial District of Pennsylvania	Not removed (acquitted on December 31, 1825)[89]
October 27, 1829[85]	Tennessee		Nathaniel W. Williams	Circuit Court judge	Removed on December 22, 1829[85]
December 24, 1829[85]	Tennessee		Joshua Haskell	Judge of the Eighth Circuit Court of Tennessee	Not removed (acquitted on November 30, 1831)[85]
1832	Illinois		Theophilus W. Smith	Associate justice of the Illinois Supreme Court	Not removed (acquitted)[99]
1853[100]	Wisconsin		Levi Hubbell	Judge of the Second Judicial Circuit	Not removed (acquitted)[100]
1853[101]	New York		John C. Mather	New York Canal Commissioner	Not removed (acquitted)[102]
February 9, 1857[103]	California		Henry Bates	Treasurer of California	Found guilty in impeachment trial on March 11, 1857, resigned before this sentence was formally entered. Was convicted and disqualified from holding state office.[103]
February 26, 1862	Kansas		Charles L. Robinson	Governor of Kansas	Not removed (acquitted)[104]
			John Winter Robinson	Secretary of State of Kansas	Removed on June 12, 1862[105]
			George S. Hillyer	Kansas state auditor	Removed on June 16, 1862[105]
March 26, 1862[106]	California		James H. Hardy	District judge of the Sixteenth Judicial District of California	Removed (convicted)[107]
1865	New York		George W. Smith	Oneida County judge	Not removed (acquitted)[100]
February 11, 1867[85]	Tennessee		Thomas N. Frazier	Judge	Removed and disqualified from holding state office[85]
1868	New York		Robert C. Dorn	New York Canal Commissioner	Not removed (acquitted in trial verdict on June 13, 1868)[108]
1868[109]	Florida		Harrison Reed	Governor of Florida	Originally removed; removal overturned by Florida Supreme Court[110]
1870[111]	Florida		James T. Magbee	Judge of the Sixth Circuit Court of Florida	Not removed; impeachment proceedings abandoned without a verdict.[104]
December 14, 1870[112]	North Carolina		William Woods Holden	Governor of North Carolina	Removed on March 22, 1871[113]
1871	Nebraska		David Butler	Governor of Nebraska	Removed[104]
1871	Arkansas		Powell Clayton	Governor of Arkansas	Not removed; trial never held[114]
1871	New York		Horace G. Prindle	Chenango County judge and surrogate	Not removed (acquitted)[100]
February 1872	Florida		Harrison Reed	Governor of Florida	Not removed[115]
March 1872	New York		George G. Barnard	Judge of the New York Supreme Court (1st District)	Removed
March 22, 1872[116]	Michigan		Charles A. Edmonds	Commissioner of the Michigan Land Office	Not removed (acquitted in May 1872)[117][118]
1872	Louisiana		Henry C. Warmoth	Governor of Louisiana	"Suspended from office", though trial was not held[119]
1872	New York		John H. McCunn	Justice of the Superior Court of New York City	Removed[100]
March 1873[120]	Minnesota		William Seeger[120]	Minnesota state treasurer	Resigned; was tried and convicted thereafter[121]
March 2, 1874[62]	Kansas		Josiah Hayes	Kansas State Treasurer	Resigned on May 12, 1874; impeachment abandoned[62]
1874	New York		George M. Curtis	Justice of the Marine Court of the City of New York	Not removed (acquitted)[100]
1875[122]	West Virginia		John Burdette	Treasurer of West Virginia	Removed[122]
January 1876[123]	Mississippi		Adelbert Ames	Governor of Mississippi	Resigned; impeachment proceedings thereafter dropped[104][123]
January 1876[123]	Mississippi		Alexander Kelso Davis	Lieutenant governor of Louisiana	Removed (convicted)[123] in March 1876[124]
February 17, 1876[125][126]	Mississippi		Thomas Cardozo	Mississippi Superintendent of Education	Resigned on March 22, 1876; impeachment proceedings thereafter dismissed[125]
February 1876	Louisiana		William Pitt Kellogg	Governor of Louisiana	Not removed[127]
1878[128]	Minnesota		Sherman Page	Judge of the Tenth Judicial District of Minnesota	Acquitted (acquitted)[128]
1881[129]	Minnesota		Eugene Saint Julien Cox	Judge of the Ninth Judicial District of Minnesota	Removed in March 1882[129]
April 9, 1886[130]	Iowa		John L. Brown	Iowa auditor of state	Not removed (acquitted on July 13, 1886)[131]
1888[30]	Kentucky		James W. Tate	Kentucky State Treasurer	Removed[30]
February 27, 1891[62]	Kansas		Theodosius Betkin	Judge of the Thirty-Second Judicial District of Kansas	Not removed, acquitted[62]
1901	North Carolina		David M. Furches	Chief justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court	Not removed (acquitted)[132]
			Robert M. Douglas	Associate justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court	Not removed (acquitted)[132]
January 24, 1903[133]	Montana		Edward W. Harney	Judge of the Second Judicial District of Silver Bow County
June 25, 1909[134]	Washington		J. H. Schively	Washington state insurance commissioner	Not removed (acquitted August 26, 1909)[134]
June 25, 1909[134]	Kentucky		J. E. Williams	McCreary County judge	Not removed (acquitted)[30]
1911[100]	North Dakota		John F. Cowan	Judge of the Second Judicial District of North Dakota	Not removed (acquitted)[100]
August 13, 1913[135]	New York		William Sulzer	Governor of New York	Removed on October 17, 1913[136]
July 1917	Texas		James E. Ferguson	Governor of Texas	Resigned. Convicted and disqualified from holding office after resigning[137][138]
1918[139]	Montana		Charles L. Crum	Judge of Montana's Fifteenth Judicial District of Montana	Removed; found guilty on March 22, 1918[140]
October 23, 1923	Oklahoma		John C. Walton	Governor of Oklahoma	Removed
1927[122]	West Virginia		John C. Bond	West Virginia state auditor	Resigned on March 15, 1927, no trial held[141]
1927	Montana		T. C. Stewart	Montana Secretary of State	Removed[140]
1928	Massachusetts		Arthur Kenneth Reading	Attorney general of Massachusetts	Resigned[142]
January 21, 1929	Oklahoma		Henry S. Johnston	Governor of Oklahoma	Removed
1929[100]	California		Carlos S. Hardy	Judge of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County	Not removed (acquitted April 26, 1929)[143]
April 6, 1929[144]	Louisiana		Huey Long	Governor of Louisiana	Not removed
March 17, 1931[62]	Missouri		Larry Brunk	State treasurer of Missouri	Not removed, acquitted[62]
1935[117]	North Dakota		Thomas H. Moodie	Governor of North Dakota	Impeachment proceedings halted after North Dakota Supreme Court took a case challenging Moodie's qualification to hold office. Court ultimately removed Moodie as unqualified for office[117]
1933[62]	Kansas		Roland Boynton	Kansas attorney general	Not removed, acquitted[62]
			Will J. French	Kansas state auditor	Not removed, acquitted[62]
June 13, 1941	Massachusetts		Daniel H. Coakley	Massachusetts Governor's Councilor	Removed on October 2, 1941
1943[100]	Michigan		Michael E. Nolan	Gogebic County probate judge	Removed[100]
1957[117]	Florida		George Holt	Circuit judge	Not removed (acquitted)[117][145]
May 1958[146]	Tennessee		Raulston Schoolfield	Hamilton County criminal court judge	Removed on July 11, 1958[147]
1963[148]	Florida		Richard Kelly	Circuit judge	Not removed (acquitted)[148]
1975[149]	Texas		O.P. Carillo	District judge of Duval County	Removed[150]
1975[148]	Florida		Thomas D. O'Malley	Florida insurance commissioner	Resigned,[151] articles of impeachment thereafter dismissed[148]
1976[152]	Vermont		Mike Mayo	Sheriff of Washington County, Vermont	Not removed, acquitted in impeachment trial[152]
March 14, 1984[153]	Nebraska		Paul L. Douglas	Nebraska attorney general	Not removed (acquitted by the Nebraska Supreme Court on May 4, 1984)[154]
February 6, 1988[155]	Arizona		Evan Mecham	Governor of Arizona	Removed on April 4, 1988[156]
March 30, 1989[157]	West Virginia		A. James Manchin	State treasurer of West Virginia	Resigned on July 9, 1989, before trial started[158]
January 25, 1991[159]	Kentucky		Ward "Butch" Burnette	Kentucky commissioner of agriculture	Resigned on February 6, 1991, before trial started. Afterwards, the Senate and then House adopted resolutions to terminate the impeachment proceedings.[30][160]
May 24, 1994[161]	Pennsylvania		Rolf Larsen	Associate justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court	Removed on October 4, 1994, and declared ineligible to hold public office in Pennsylvania[162]
October 6, 1994[163]	Missouri		Judith Moriarty	Secretary of State of Missouri	Removed by the Missouri Supreme Court on December 12, 1994[164]
July 12, 2000[165]	New Hampshire		David Brock	Chief justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court	Not removed (acquitted on October 11, 2000)[166]
September 9, 2004[167]	Oklahoma		Carroll Fisher	Oklahoma insurance commissioner	Resigned on September 24, 2004[168]
November 11, 2004[169]	Nevada		Kathy Augustine	Nevada State Controller	Not removed; censured on December 4, 2004[170]
April 11, 2006[171]	Nebraska		David Hergert	Member of the University of Nebraska Board of Regents	Removed by the Nebraska Supreme Court on July 7, 2006[172]
January 8, 2009 (first vote)[173]	Illinois		Rod Blagojevich	Governor of Illinois	Not removed, 95th General Assembly ended before a removal vote could be held
January 14, 2009 (second vote)[174]					Removed on January 29, 2009, and declared ineligible to hold public office in Illinois[175]
February 11, 2013[176]	Northern Mariana Islands		Benigno Fitial	Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands	Resigned on February 20, 2013[177]
August 13, 2018[178]	West Virginia		Robin Davis	Associate Justices, Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia	Retired on August 13, 2018.[179]
			Allen Loughry		Resigned on November 12, 2018.[180][181]
			Beth Walker		Not removed; reprimanded and censured on October 2, 2018[182]
			Margaret Workman	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia	Retired on December 31, 2020.[183]
January 12, 2022[184]	Northern Mariana Islands		Ralph Torres	Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands	Acquitted May 18, 2022[185]
April 12, 2022[186]	South Dakota		Jason Ravnsborg	South Dakota Attorney General	Removed on June 21, 2022 and declared ineligible to hold office in South Dakota[187]
November 16, 2022[188]	Pennsylvania		Larry Krasner	District attorney of Philadelphia	TBD; State Senate voted on January 11, 2023 to indefinitely postpone the trial.[189] Future unclear after the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania opined on January 12, 2023 that the articles of impeachment had failed to meet the necessary legal standard of "misbehavior in office"[190][191]
May 27, 2023[192]	Texas		Ken Paxton	Texas Attorney General	Acquitted September 16, 2023; was suspended while awaiting verdict

Gubernatorial impeachment

Impeachment and removal of governors has happened occasionally throughout the history of the United States, usually for corruption charges. At least eleven U.S. state governors have faced an impeachment trial; a twelfth, Governor Lee Cruce of Oklahoma, escaped impeachment by one vote in 1912. Several others, including Missouri's Eric Greitens in 2018, have resigned rather than face impeachment, when events seemed to make it inevitable.^[193] The most recent impeachment of a state governor occurred on January 14, 2009, when the Illinois House of Representatives voted 117–1 to impeach Rod Blagojevich on corruption charges;^[194] he was subsequently removed from office and barred from holding future office by the Illinois Senate on January 29.

There have been eighteen impeachments of state governors (with two state governors having been impeached twice):

• Charles L. Robinson (Republican governor of Kansas) in 1862
• Harrison Reed (Republican governor of Florida)
  • In 1868 —originally removed; removal overturned by Florida Supreme Court
  • In 1872
• William Woods Holden (Republican governor of North Carolina) in 1870 —removed in 1871
• Powell Clayton (Republican governor of Arkansas) in 1871
• David Butler (Republican governor of Nebraska) in 1871 —removed
• Henry Warmoth (Republican governor of Louisiana) in 1872
• William Pitt Kellogg (Republican governor of Louisiana) in 1876
• Adelbert Ames (Republican governor of Mississippi) in 1876
• William Sulzer (Democratic governor of New York) in 1913 (impeached for false report, perjury, and suborning perjury)^[195][196] —removed
• James E. Ferguson (Democratic governor of Texas) in 1917 –convicted after first having resigned
• Jack C. Walton (Democratic governor of Oklahoma) in 1923 (impeached for a variety of crimes including illegal collection of campaign funds, padding the public payroll, suspension of habeas corpus, excessive use of the pardon power, and general incompetence. In November 1923, Walton was convicted and removed from office)^[197] —removed
• Henry S. Johnston (Democratic governor of Oklahoma) in 1929
• Huey Long (Democratic governor of Louisiana) in 1929
• Thomas H. Moodie (Democratic^[198] governor of North Dakota) in 1935^[117]
• Evan Mecham (Republican governor of Arizona) in 1988 (impeached for obstruction of justice and misusing government funds)^[199] —removed
• Rod Blagojevich (Democratic governor of Illinois) impeached twice in 2009 (impeached for abuse of power and corruption, including an attempt to sell the appointment to the United States Senate seat vacated by the resignation of Barack Obama)^[200] —removed following second impeachment

In addition to the aforementioned state governors, two governors of the Northern Mariana Islands territory have been impeached: Republican Benigno Fitial in 2013^[176][201] (who resigned)^[177] and Republican Ralph Torres in 2022^[202] (who was acquitted).^[185]

The National Conference of State Legislatures has observed that gubernatorial impeachment occurs relatively infrequently^[6] and has cited two factors in believed to be partially responsible for this:

• "Impeachment is regarded as a power to be used only in extreme cases"^[6]
• "Individuals frequently resign before the impeachment proceedings begin or are completed"^[6]

See also

• Impeachment in the Thirteen Colonies
• Impeachment inquiry in the United States

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