Hurricane Earl (2022)

Hurricane Earl

Earl at peak intensity while passing by Atlantic Canada on September 10
Meteorological history
Formed	September 2, 2022
Extratropical	September 10, 2022
Dissipated	September 15, 2022
Category 2 hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds	110 mph (175 km/h)
Lowest pressure	948 mbar (hPa); 27.99 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities	4 total
Damage	Minimal
Areas affected	Puerto Rico, Bermuda, Newfoundland
Part of the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Earl was a large, long-lived Category 2 hurricane that brought heavy rain to Puerto Rico and Newfoundland in September 2022 despite remaining mostly out to sea. The fifth named storm and second hurricane of the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season, Earl originated from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on August 25. The wave struggled to develop over the next week as it moved west-northwestward in a marginally conducive environment. Eventually, the system was able to organize into Tropical Storm Earl on September 3. The storm passed through parts of the Caribbean, but strong wind shear initially halted Earl from intensifying and it maintained tropical storm status. The storm then turned northward into a more favorable environment and started to intensify. Earl eventually reached Category 2 hurricane status, before repeated dry air entrainments caused the storm to fluctuate in intensity.^[1] Earl reached peak winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) before quickly becoming extratropical off the coast of Newfoundland on September 10. It continued moving northeast before dissipating on September 15.

Four fatalities were related to Hurricane Earl: two from lightning in Puerto Rico and two from rip currents in New Jersey. The storm struck Newfoundland with hurricane-force winds and significant rainfall, but overall damage from the storm was minor.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

Map key

Saffir–Simpson scale

  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown

Storm type

Tropical cyclone

Subtropical cyclone

Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Earl originated from a tropical wave that was producing widespread disorganized showers and thunderstorms when it formed off the coast of Africa on August 25.^[2] After moving west across the eastern and central tropical Atlantic, the disturbance was met with environmental conditions east of the Leeward Islands that were only marginally conducive for a tropical cyclone's development.^[3] After struggling against high wind shear for many days, the disturbance was finally able to organize itself and developed into Tropical Storm Earl early on September 3.^[4] A burst of deep convection occurred near the center of Earl during the evening of September 5, and a Hurricane Hunter's mission into the storm later that night reported that it briefly strengthened to near hurricane strength.^[5] Earl's intensity continued to fluctuate throughout much of the next day due to ongoing effects of westerly deep-layer shear.^[6] Later that day, the shear quickly diminished, resulting in Earl becoming better organized and strengthening into a hurricane at around 00:00 UTC on September 7.^[7] By 03:00 UTC on September 8, Earl had reached Category 2 strength, still moving northward; Hurricane Hunters data showed it to have developed an eye of almost 60 mi (97 km) and a fairly symmetric wind field.^[8] Three hours later, the hurricane had attained peak sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h).^[9] Despite being forecasted to continue strengthening and peak as a Category 4 hurricane, Earl's inner core was repeatedly interrupted due to dry air entrainment and it fluctuated in strength the following day while passing well to the east of Bermuda despite being over extremely warm sea surface temperatures of around 84–86 °F (29–30 °C).^[10] It briefly weakened down to Category 1 hurricane strength early on September 9,^[11] before re-strengthening to Category 2 strength with a peak intensity of 110 mph (175 km/h) sustained winds and a minimum barometric pressure of 954 mbar (28.17 inHg). By this time, Earl had become a rather large hurricane, with hurricane-force winds extending outward up to 80 miles (130 km) from the center and tropical-storm-force winds extending outward up to 275 miles (443 km).^[12] After maintaining this intensity for several hours, Earl weakened down to a Category 1 hurricane again at 15:00 UTC on September 10, before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone due south of Cape Race, Newfoundland six hours later.^[13] Earl continued to move northeast after becoming extratropical and moved north of the Azores, approaching Europe. Earl continued to spiral north before dissipating on September 15 after "losing its identity" north of the Azores.^[14][15]

Preparations and impacts

Hurricane Earl in the process of becoming a post-tropical cyclone on September 10, 2022

In Salinas, Puerto Rico, 2 people died after being struck by lightning while riding a jet ski.^[16][17] As Earl passed east of Florida, strong swells hit the eastern coast of the state.^[18] A large swell caused by Earl hit Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Rip currents hit Surf City, North Carolina.^[19] Along the East Coast of the United States, large swells hit many states.^[15] Rip currents also hit many areas of New England.^[20] Two people drowned off the coast of New Jersey due to rip currents: one in Ocean City and the other in Loveladies.^[21][22]

Bermuda was hit with sustained winds of 35 mph (60 km/h) as Hurricane Earl passed within about 90 mi (145 km) away from the island's eastern coast; much higher gusts were reported, including one of 67 mph (108 km/h) at the National Museum of Bermuda. There were localized power outages across the archipelago but no major damage was reported.^[23][24][25] L.F. Wade International Airport reported gusts of 50–60 mph (80–97 km/h).^[26] Other parts of the island saw 1–3 in (25–76 mm) of rainfall.^[27] All travel to the territory was cancelled as Earl passed, including bus travel on the island.^[28]

Nova Scotia saw "life-threatening" swells.^[15] During a 36-hour period on September 10–12, 7–8 in (175–200 mm) of rain fell in the St. Johns area, causing overflowing along the Waterford River which led to a large amount of urban flooding. Similar rainfall amounts were also observed in communities throughout the Avalon Peninsula. Hurricane-force winds hit Grand Bank.^[29] Additionally, the cyclone caused rough surf which damaged the breakwater on the coast near Trepassey, Newfoundland and Labrador, bringing localized flooding to the area.^[30] A wall holding out water was destroyed in Trepassey after large waves from Earl hit it. As far out as St. Anthony, Newfoundland and Labrador saw heavy rains associated with Earl.^[31] Despite being far away from the United Kingdom and Ireland, the countries still saw heavy rainfall and rough surf from its outer bands.^[32]

See also

• Weather of 2022
• Tropical cyclones in 2022
• Timeline of the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season
• Other storms of the same name
  • Hurricane Earl (2010) – Category 4 hurricane that took a similar path about 12 years earlier.
• Hurricane Fiona – Category 4 hurricane that took a similar track a few weeks later.
• Hurricane Larry – Category 3 hurricane that took a similar track the previous year.
• Hurricane Sam – Category 4 hurricane that took a similar track the previous year.
• Hurricane Ernesto (2024) – Category 2 hurricane that took a similar track in 2024.

References

1. Rice, Jeanine Santucci and Doyle. "Earl forecast to become first major hurricane of the 2022 season by late Thursday". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
2. Berg, Robbie (August 25, 2022). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
3. Beven, Jack (September 2, 2022). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
4. Berg, Robbie (September 2, 2022). Tropical Storm Earl Advisory Number 1 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
5. Berg, Robbie (September 6, 2022). Tropical Storm Earl Discussion Number 14 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
6. Bucci, Lisa; Pasch, Richard (September 6, 2022). Hurricane Earl Discussion Number 17 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
7. Bucci, Lisa; Pasch, Richard (September 6, 2022). Hurricane Earl Advisory Number 16A (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
8. Bucci, Lisa; Pasch, Richard (September 7, 2022). Hurricane Earl Discussion Number 21 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
9. Berg, Robbie (September 8, 2022). Hurricane Earl Advisory Number 22 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
10. Henson, Bob; Masters, Jeff (September 9, 2022). "Fierce winds, heavy rains hit Southern California on Kay's fringes". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
11. Bucci, Lisa; Pasch, Richard (September 9, 2022). Hurricane Earl Advisory Number 25 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
12. Zelinsky, David (September 9, 2022). Hurricane Earl Advisory Number 28 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
13. Beven, Jack (September 10, 2022). Hurricane Earl Advisory Number 32 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
14. "Tropical depression could form from tropical wave headed toward Caribbean". Sun Sentinel. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
15. Times, The New York (2022-09-12). "Hurricane Earl Weakens as It Heads Toward Newfoundland". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
16. "Mueren hombre y mujer tras impacto de rayo" [Man and woman die after lightning strike]. Primera Hora (in Spanish). Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. September 4, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
17. "Identifican a hombre y mujer que murieron tras ser impactados por rayo en Salinas" [They identify a man and woman who died after being struck by lightning in Salinas] (in Spanish). Telemundo Puerto Rico. September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
18. "Post-Tropical Cyclone Earl hands Florida rough surf as NHC tracks new system". Orlando Sentinel. 10 September 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
19. Almasy, Steve (2022-09-09). "The East Coast could see dangerous rip currents this weekend as Hurricane Earl churns near Bermuda". CNN. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
20. Donegan, Brian (2022-09-06). "Hurricane Earl generating life-threatening rip currents along US East Coast". FOX Weather. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
21. National Weather Service Forecast Office in Philadelphia/Mt. Holly (2022). [New Jersey Event Report: Rip Current] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
22. National Weather Service Forecast Office in Philadelphia/Mt. Holly (2022). [New Jersey Event Report: Rip Current] (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
23. Johnston-Barnes, Owain (September 9, 2022). "Hurricane Earl 3am update: some gusts remain but the worst has passed". The Royal Gazette. Hamilton, Bermuda. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
24. Bell, Jonathan; Lagan, Sarah (September 10, 2022). "Residents praised for taking Earl seriously". The Royal Gazette. Hamilton, Bermuda. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
25. "Earl sideswipes Bermuda". washingtonpost.com.
26. "Hurricane Earl Brushes Bermuda After Danielle Became the Season's First". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
27. Morgan, Leigh (2022-09-09). "Hurricane Earl heads away from Bermuda". al. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
28. Salmon, Santana (2022-09-10). "Bermuda gets off lightly as Hurricane Earl speeds by". CNW Network. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
29. "Hurricane Earl east of N.L. but brings powerful gusts to Avalon Peninsula". Atlantic. 2022-09-10. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
30. "Heavy downpour overflowing riverbanks, flooding streets in St. John's area". CBC News. September 12, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
31. "Slow-moving Earl weakens, but still bringing hefty impacts to Newfoundland". The Weather Network. 11 September 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
32. "Hurricane Earl's Great Atlantic Journey - Magicseaweed". Magicseaweed.com. Retrieved 2022-10-22.