Human rights in Uzbekistan

Politics of Uzbekistan

Commonwealth of Independent States CIS Member State

Constitution
Government
Executive
Legislative
Judiciary
Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
Related topics
Human rights
flag Uzbekistan portal

Human rights in Uzbekistan have been described as "abysmal" by Human Rights Watch,[1] and the country has received heavy criticism from the UK and the US for alleged arbitrary arrests, religious persecution and torture employed by the government on a regional and national level. Amnesty International stated that freedom of expression, association, and peaceful assembly continue to be restricted, and that relations between gay men are illegal.[2]

Overview

Human Rights Watch stated that "Uzbekistan's record of cooperation with UN human rights mechanisms is arguably among the worst in the world. For the past 12 years, it has ignored requests for access by all 11 UN human rights experts, and has rejected virtually all recommendations that international bodies have made for human rights improvements."[3] IHF have expressed profound concern about "wide-scale violation of virtually all basic human rights".[4]

Also, religious freedom is one of the country's greatest issues.

The U.S. Department of State has designated Uzbekistan a Country of Particular Concern for the religious persecution practiced in the country,[5] and have defined Uzbekistan as "an authoritarian state with limited civil rights".[6] Human Rights Watch, however, says that the US government has "resisted imposing any serious policy or consequences for Uzbekistan's dismal rights record, viewing Tashkent as a key ally along the Northern Distribution Network (NDN) that it is using to withdraw supplies from the war in Afghanistan".[3]

A map of incarceration rates by country[7]

According to reports, the most widespread violations of human rights are torture, arbitrary arrests, and various restrictions of freedoms of religion, of speech and press, of free association and assembly.[8] The reports maintain that the violations are most often committed against members of religious organizations, independent journalists, human right activists and political activists, including members of banned opposition parties. In 2005, Uzbekistan was included into Freedom House's "The Worst of the Worst: The World's Most Repressive Societies".

The official position of the Uzbek government is summarized in a memorandum titled "The measures taken by the government of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of providing and encouraging human rights"[9] and amounts to the following. The government does everything that is in its power to protect and to guarantee the human rights of Uzbekistan's citizens. Uzbekistan continuously improves its laws and institutions in order to create a more humane society. Over 300 laws regulating the rights and basic freedoms of the people have been passed by the parliament. For instance, an office of Ombudsman was established in 1996.[10] On August 2, 2005, President Islom Karimov signed a decree that will abolish capital punishment in Uzbekistan on January 1, 2008.

Craig Murray, British ambassador 2002–2004, investigated human rights abuses, and, when his bosses at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office ignored his reports, he went public, bringing international attention to the situation. He was dismissed from his post, but continued to speak out against human rights abuses in the country. He also claimed there was extraordinary rendition by the United States of America to Uzbekistan, with surreptitious use of information obtained under torture as a result. Murray was removed from his post in October 2004, shortly after a leaked report in the Financial Times quoted him as claiming that MI6 used intelligence provided by Uzbek authorities that was acquired through torture.[11] The FCO denied there was any direct connection and stated that Murray had been removed for "operational" reasons. In his book Murder in Samarkand (2006), Murray speculates that his anti-torture memos caused two problems for the US & UK governments. First, the CIA's extraordinary rendition program was secretly using Uzbekistan as a destination country to fly people to be tortured. Second, the transcripts of the torture sessions were then shared with Britain's MI6 because of the UK-US intelligence sharing agreements of World War II. By objecting to the UK's acceptance of CIA torture-obtained information, he was interfering with the secret rendition program as well as threatening the MI6's relationship with the CIA.[12]

The 2005 civil unrest in Uzbekistan, which resulted in several hundred people being killed is viewed by many as a landmark event in the history of human rights abuse in Uzbekistan,[13][14][15] A concern has been expressed and a request for an independent investigation of the events has been made by the United States, European Union, the UN, the OSCE Chairman-in-Office and the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. The government of Uzbekistan is accused of unlawful termination of human life, denying its citizens freedom of assembly and freedom of expression. The government vehemently tried to rebuff the accusations, maintaining that it merely conducted an anti-terrorist operation, exercising only necessary force.[16] In addition, some officials claim that "an information war on Uzbekistan has been declared" and the human rights violations in Andijan are invented by the enemies of Uzbekistan as a convenient pretext for intervention into the country's internal affairs.[17]

The Constitution of Uzbekistan asserts that "democracy in the Republic of Uzbekistan shall be based upon common human principles, according to which the highest value shall be the human being, his life, freedom, honor, dignity and other inalienable rights".

Uzbekistan has abolished the death penalty. The abolition, initiated by the August 2005 decrees of President Karimov, became effective on January 1, 2008. Capital punishment has been substituted by longer term deprivation of liberty and life sentencing (see Death penalty in Uzbekistan).

In 2015 Human Rights Watch reported that:

Uzbekistan's atrocious rights record did not discernibly improve in 2014. Authoritarian President Islam Karimov, who entered his 25th year in power, continued to employ a widespread security apparatus to monitor and crack down on activities of real and perceived opponents. Authorities repress freedom of expression in all forms and do not allow any organized political opposition, independent media, free trade unions, independent civil society organizations, or religious freedoms. Those who attempt to assert rights, or act in ways deemed contrary to state interests, face arbitrary detention, lack of due process, and torture. Forced labor of adults and children continues.[3]

Freedom of religion

Main article: Freedom of religion in Uzbekistan

Religious literature which is not state-approved, including the Bible, is often confiscated and destroyed.[18]

Forum 18, a human rights organisation based in Norway, has documented raids by Uzbek police in which participants in unregistered religious services were beaten, fined, threatened and intimidated. In August 2005 one of the organisation's reporters was detained and deported by the authorities at Tashkent airport in Uzbekistan.[18]

The Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses has documented several cases with imprisonment for teaching religion.[19] The Barnabas Fund also states that Pastor Dmitri Shestakov was imprisoned for 4 years for Christian activities.

Torture

U.S.-based Human Rights Watch said in November 2007 that Uzbek prison authorities routinely beat prisoners and use electric shocks, asphyxiation and sexual humiliation to extract information and confessions.[20] According to a forensic report commissioned by the British embassy, in August 2002 two prisoners were boiled to death.[21] According to a report by the Human Rights Watch, Muslim prisoners have been tortured for praying.[1]

Women's rights

Compulsory sterilization

Main article: Compulsory sterilization in Uzbekistan

It is reported that Uzbekistan has been pursuing a policy of forced sterilizations, hysterectomies and IUD insertions since the late 1990s in order to impose population control.[22][23][24][25][26]

Domestic violence

Domestic violence against women is a serious problem in Uzbekistan.[27] A survey by UNICEF found that 69.6% of women agreed that a husband is justified to beat or hit his wife under certain circumstances (including 61.2% if the wife goes out without telling him, and 47.9% if she argues with him).[28]

Internet

Uzbekistan's "freedom on the net status" is "not free" in the 2012 and 2013 Freedom on the Net reports from Freedom House.[29][30] Uzbekistan maintains the most extensive and pervasive filtering system among the CIS countries and has been listed as an Internet enemy by Reporters Without Borders since the list was created in 2006.[31] The OpenNet Initiative found evidence that Internet filtering was pervasive in the political area and selective in the social, conflict/security, and Internet tools areas during testing that was reported in 2008 and 2010.[32]

Uzbekistan prevents access to websites regarding banned Islamic movements, independent media, NGOs, and material critical of the government's human rights violations. Some Internet cafes in the capital have posted warnings that users will be fined for viewing pornographic websites or website containing banned political material.[33] The main VoIP protocols SIP and IAX used to be blocked for individual users; however, as of July 2010, blocks were no longer in place. Facebook was blocked for a few days in 2010.[34]

Internet censorship in Uzbekistan increased following the events of the Arab Spring in 2011. Additional websites are blocked, contributors to online discussion of the events in Egypt, Tunisia, and Bahrain have been arrested, and news about demonstrations and protest movements have been blocked. The BBC website was unblocked in late 2011, but since January 2012, specific pages dealing with the Arab Spring have been inaccessible. ISPs and mobile phone operators are required to report mass mailings of "suspicious content" and to disconnect networks upon authorities’ requests.[35]

The principal intelligence agency in Uzbekistan, the National Security Service (SNB), monitors the Uzbek segment of the Internet and works with the main regulatory body to impose censorship. As all ISPs must rent channels from the state monopoly provider, available evidence strongly suggests that Internet traffic is recorded and monitored by means of a centralized system. SNB officers frequently visit ISPs and Internet cafés to monitor compliance.[36]

In 2014, the entire country's internet and mobile messaging networks were stopped over a three- to four-hour window for 'urgent repairs' coinciding almost precisely with national university entry exams.[37][38]

History

Islam Karimov, president of Uzbekistan from 1991 to 2016

2004

The U.S. State Department's 2004 report on human rights in Uzbekistan found limited improvement. While no detainees died while in police custody, police negligence led to the deaths of four prisoners. National Security Service officials "tortured, beat, and harassed" citizens but human rights activists were allowed to investigate instances in which prisoners died and activists suspected torture as the cause of death. Security forces did not arrest journalists and three were released. Some non-governmental organizations, most notably the Open Society Institute, were not allowed to register with the government, and thus prevented from work in Uzbekistan.[39]

2005

In 2005 the Uzbek government arrested Sanjar Umarov, an opposition politician, and raided the office of Sunshine Uzbekistan, an opposition political alliance. United States Senators Bill Frist and Richard Lugar introduced a resolution calling on the Uzbek government to make sure Umarov "is accorded the full measure of his rights under the Uzbekistan constitution to defend himself against all charges that may be brought against him in a fair and transparent process, so that individual justice may be done".[40]

Tashkent citizens found the body of Kim Khen Pen Khin, a Pentecostal, on 11 June 2005. According to one another Pentecostal church member police treated church members worse than animals, several beating three of them. One, a pastor, had a concussion. Police initially accused Kural Bekjanov, another church member, of murdering Khin, but dropped the charges against him two days later. When police discovered his religion they broke his ribs and put needles under his fingernails to get him to renounce Christianity.[41]

In August the Uzbek government detained Elena Urlayeva, a human rights activist, on charges of disseminating anti-government leaflets. In October a Tashkent court ordered Urlayeva to undergo psychiatric treatment in a mental health facility in a legal preceding in which neither she nor her lawyer were present. The government released Urlayeva on 27 October after officials abused and beat her.[40]

The Immigration Service and Border Guards of the Government of Uzbekistan detained Igor Rotar, a human rights activist who works for Forum 18 and Radio Free Europe, on 11 August. Rotar's plane took off from Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan and arrived at Tashkent Airport at 10:25AM. Amnesty International condemned the incident, saying his "detention is part of a wave of intimidation and harassment of journalists and human rights defenders by the Uzbek authorities that escalated following the events in Andijan in May this year". Holly Cartner, Europe and Central Asia director for Human Rights Watch, said, "We are deeply concerned for Rotar's safety. He should be allowed to contact his organization and a lawyer, and should be released immediately."[42]

2006

An unknown individual strangled Karina Rivka Loiper, secretary to Rabbi Abe David Gurevich, and her mother on 12 June in Tashkent. While police ruled it a robbery, the Federation of Jewish Communities of the Commonwealth of Independent States called for an investigation.[43] Jewish community leaders said a spokesman for the Committee on Religious Affairs warned them against "politicizing" Loiper's death.[44]

On 29 April 2006, human rights workers Azam Farmonov and Alisher Karamatov were arrested and allegedly tortured by state security forces.[45] They are currently serving prison terms on charges of extortion that Amnesty International,[45] Human Rights Watch,[46] and Front Line[47] have condemned as politically motivated.

On 25 October the Karshi-Khanabad court fined two Baptists from Ferghana and Tashkent US$438 while four others were given smaller fines for participating in unregistered religious activity after police raided a Baptist church in the city. 30 police raided a Pentecostal church in Tashkent on 13 November. Another raid on 27 August yielded 38 unapproved pieces of literature.[48]

Uzbek state television played a show entitled "Hypocrites" on 30 November and 1 December, in which Protestant missionaries were said to have engaged in plagiarism and drug use. The program said, "On the pretext of financially helping people in need, [missionaries] instill their own teachings in these people's minds". Converts are "zombies". Begzot Kadyrov, specialist of the State's Religious Affairs Committee, commenting on the program, said, "Turning away from the religion of one's ancestors is not only one's own mistake but could also lead to very bad situations between brothers, sisters and between parents and their children". Converts to Christianity are "lost to family, friends and society".[49]

2007

The International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF), Human Rights Watch, and the International Federation for Human Rights International asked the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva to continue monitoring human rights in Uzbekistan on 22 March 2007. Aaron Rhodes, executive director of the International Helsinki Federation, criticized the suggestion, saying, "What that would really imply would be that the United Nations would reward the Uzbek government for its repressive policies and its refusal to cooperate with the Council. If the Human Rights Council can't take up the problems in Uzbekistan, then what is it for?".[50]

Umida Niazova case

Uzbek police detained Umida Niazova, a human rights activist who worked for local group Veritas and Human Rights Watch in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 21 December 2006 in the Tashkent airport.[51] Fearing criminal prosecution, she left the country for Kyrgyzstan, returning on the advice of her lawyer who said that no criminal case would be brought against her. At the border, she was arrested and stood trial on charges of illegally crossing the border, smuggling and distribution of illegal content.[52] Holly Cartner, a director at Human Rights Watch alleges that "Niazova was threatened with these charges for... her human rights work".[53]

On May 1, 2007, an Uzbek court convicted Niazova and sentenced her to seven years in prison, on charges of "preparing or disseminating material containing a threat to security and order".[54] The Uzbek government alleged she was storing on her laptop literature by an Islamist extremist group. Niazova had written news stories about deadly protests in Andijan, Uzbekistan in 2005. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the United States government, and Human Rights Watch criticized the sentence. On May 8, she confessed in court and she was given a suspended sentence[55] and released.[56]

Historical situation

The following chart shows Uzbekistan's ratings since 1991 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7 "not free".[57]1

See also

Notes

1.^ Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.
2.^ As of January 1.

References

  1. ^ a b "World Report 2014: Rights Trends in World Report 2014: Uzbekistan". Human Rights Watch. 2014-01-02. Archived from the original on 2019-07-21. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  2. ^ "Uzbekistan Archives". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 2022-11-19. Retrieved 2022-11-19.
  3. ^ a b c "World Report 2015: Uzbekistan". World Report 2015: Uzbekistan - Events of 2014. Human Rights Watch. 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  4. ^ IHF, Human Rights in OSCE Region: Europe, Central Asia and North America - Uzbekistan, Report 2004 (events of 2003), 2004-06-23 Archived December 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ United States Department of State: International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Archived 2017-10-02 at the Wayback Machine Executive Summary.
  6. ^ US Department of State, 2004 Country report on Human Rights Practices in Uzbekistan Archived 2019-10-14 at the Wayback Machine, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, February 28, 2005
  7. ^ Highest to Lowest Archived 2014-06-02 at the Wayback Machine. World Prison Brief (WPB). Use dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region, or the whole world. Use menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See also the WPB main data page Archived 2018-06-12 at the Wayback Machine and click on the map links and/or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.
  8. ^ OMCT and Legal Aid Society, DENIAL OF JUSTICE IN UZBEKISTAN - an assessment of the human rights situation and national system of protection of fundamental rights Archived 2010-09-02 at the Wayback Machine, April 2005.
  9. ^ Embassy of Uzbekistan to the US, Press-Release: THE MEASURES, TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE FIELD OF PROVIDING AND ENCOURAGING HUMAN RIGHTS Archived 2012-12-28 at archive.today, October 24, 2005
  10. ^ UZBEKISTAN DAILY DIGEST, UZBEKISTAN'S OMBUDSMAN REPORTS ON 2002 RESULTS Archived 2008-09-04 at the Wayback Machine, December 25, 2007
  11. ^ "'Torture Intelligence' Criticised". BBC News. 2004-10-11. Archived from the original on 2006-10-14. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
  12. ^ Dirty Diplomacy (UK edition: Murder in Samarkand, 2006), 2007, p. 332
  13. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-04-21. Retrieved 2008-01-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ "Uzbekistan: Report Cites Evidence Of Government 'Massacre' In Andijon - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY". Archived from the original on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
  15. ^ Uzbekistan: Independent international investigation needed into Andizhan events | Amnesty International Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Press-service of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan: Archived 2008-03-08 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Kreml.Org | Áîäéöáîóëéå Óïâùôéñ Óôáìé Ðï×Ïäïí Äìñ Âåóðòåãåäåîôîïçï Äá×Ìåîéñ Îá Õúâåëéóôáî Archived August 5, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ a b Uzbekistan: Religious freedom survey, April 2005 Archived 2018-09-03 at the Wayback Machine Forum 18
  19. ^ "Uzbekistan: Current news releases". Archived from the original on 2011-09-25.
  20. ^ "Uzbek Leader Wins New Term". CBS News. 2007-12-24.[dead link‍]
  21. ^ "US looks away as new ally tortures Islamists". The Guardian. London. 2003-05-26. Archived from the original on 2020-03-04. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
  22. ^ Birth Control by Decree in Uzbekistan Archived 2012-06-21 at the Wayback Machine IWPR Institute for War & Peace Reporting, published 2005-11-18, accessed 2012-04-12
  23. ^ BBC News: Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women Archived 2012-04-12 at the Wayback Machine BBC, published 2012-04-12, accessed 2012-04-12
  24. ^ Crossing Continents: Forced Sterilisation in Uzbekistan Archived 2012-04-18 at the Wayback Machine BBC, published 2012-04-12, accessed 2012-04-12
  25. ^ Uzbeks Face Forced Sterilization Archived 2013-10-19 at the Wayback Machine The Moscow Times published 2010-03-10, accessed 2012-04-12
  26. ^ Shadow Report: UN Committee Against Torture Archived 2014-11-09 at the Wayback Machine United Nations, authors Rapid Response Group and OMCT, published November 2007, accessed 2012-04-12
  27. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  28. ^ "Uzbekistan Health Examination Survey 2002" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-14. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  29. ^ "Uzbekistan" Archived 2017-10-23 at the Wayback Machine, Freedom on the Net 2012, Freedom House, 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  30. ^ "Uzbekistan" Archived 2017-10-23 at the Wayback Machine, Freedom on the Net 2013, Freedom House, 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  31. ^ Internet Enemies Archived 2011-03-15 at the Wayback Machine, Reporters Without Borders, Paris, March 2011
  32. ^ "ONI Country Profiles" Archived 2020-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, Research section at the OpenNet Initiative web site, a collaborative partnership of the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto; the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University; and the SecDev Group, Ottawa
  33. ^ "The Internet "black holes" - Uzbekistan". Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2006.
  34. ^ "Узбекистан: Доступ к сети Facebook разблокирован" [Uzbekistan: Facebook unblocked] (in Russian). Фергана.Ру (Ferghana.Ru On). 22 October 2010. Archived from the original on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010. English translation Archived 2022-07-07 at the Wayback Machine.
  35. ^ "Uzbekistan country report" Archived 2016-03-13 at the Wayback Machine, Reporters Without Borders, 12 March 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  36. ^ "ONI Regional Overview: Commonwealth of Independent States" Archived 2019-08-15 at the Wayback Machine, OpenNet Initiative, March 2010
  37. ^ "Uzbekistan Blocks Mobile Internet, SMS During Exams". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. AFP. 1 August 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  38. ^ Robinson Meyer (5 August 2014). "Before a High-Stakes Standardized Test, Uzbekistan Shut the Whole Country's Internet Down". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  39. ^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2004 Archived 2019-10-14 at the Wayback Machine United States Department of State
  40. ^ a b Uzbek human rights abuses Voice of America
  41. ^ Uzbekistan, Country Report Archived 2007-05-27 at the Wayback Machine The Voice of the Martyrs Canada
  42. ^ Uzbekistan: Authorities must release detained journalist Archived 2006-11-30 at the Wayback Machine Human Rights Watch
  43. ^ Jewish official murdered in Tashkent Archived 2007-04-14 at the Wayback Machine Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
  44. ^ Uzbek Jews murdered Archived 2006-12-08 at the Wayback Machine Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
  45. ^ a b "ALISHER KARAMATOV AND AZAM FARMONOV, PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  46. ^ "Uzbekistan: Broader Criminal Charges Used to Quash Dissent". Human Rights Watch. 20 June 2006. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  47. ^ "Uzbekistan - Ongoing detention and deterioration in health of human rights defender Alisher Karamatov". Front Line. 10 December 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  48. ^ Uzbekistan: Court fines Baptists and burns Bibles Archived 2006-11-30 at the Wayback Machine Forum 18
  49. ^ Uzbekistan cracksdown on Christians Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine Spero News
  50. ^ Rights groups demand UN action against Uzbekistan Archived 2007-03-28 at the Wayback Machine RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
  51. ^ ""HARAKAT" XABAR AGENTLIGI :: Independent News Agency Harakat. Узбекистан, новости Узбекистана, политика Узбекистана, оппозиция Узбекистана". Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2008-04-01.«HARAKAT» XABAR AGENTLIGI :: Independent News Agency Harakat
  52. ^ [1] Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine Майдан. Статті. Суд над Умідою Ніязовою. Як це було
  53. ^ Uzbekistan: Release human rights defender Archived 2007-02-13 at the Wayback Machine Human Rights Watch
  54. ^ "Reuters report on Niazova conviction and sentence". Archived from the original on 2007-05-05. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  55. ^ [2] Archived 2007-05-27 at the Wayback Machine BBC
  56. ^ "Freedomhouse.org: Campaign for Umida Niyazova". Archived from the original on 2007-03-25. Retrieved 2008-05-12. Freedom House
  57. ^ Freedom House (2022). "Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2022" (XLS). Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.

Read other articles:

Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase

Enzyme See also: Cannabidiolic acid synthase Tetrahydrocannibinolic acid synthase3VTE​IdentifiersEC no.1.21.3.7DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) synthase (full name Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase) is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the formation of THCA from cannabigerolic acid (CBGA...

 

Karbon dioksida pada atmosfer Bumi

Konsentrasi CO2 di atmosfer Bumi sepanjang 800.000 tahun yang lalu. Karbon dioksida pada atmosfer Bumi merupakan salah satu senyawa kimia utama yang turut mendukung berlangsungnya kehidupan dari makhluk hidup di Bumi.[1] Pada atmosfer Bumi, karbon dioksida (CO2) merupakan salah satu zat utama, meskipun jumlahnya sangat sedikit bila dibandingkan dengan oksigen dan nitrogen.[2] Peran utama dari karbon dioksida pada atmosfer Bumi adalah sebagai pendukung pembentukan karbohidrat p...

 

Manvel Grigoryan

Armenian military commander and politician (1956–2020) Lieutenant GeneralManvel GrigoryanGrigoryan in 2018Native nameՄանվել ԳրիգորյանBorn(1956-07-14)14 July 1956Arshaluys, Armavir Province, Armenian SSR, Soviet UnionDied19 November 2020(2020-11-19) (aged 64)Yerevan, ArmeniaAllegiance Soviet Union ArmeniaService/branch Soviet Army Armed Forces of ArmeniaYears of service1975–2020RankLieutenant GeneralCommands heldEjmiatsin Volunteer Battalion (1992–...

Donald MacAlister

Scottish physician For those of a similar name, see Don McAllister (disambiguation). Sir Donald MacAlister, BtChancellor of the University of GlasgowIn office1907–1929 Personal detailsBorn(1854-05-17)17 May 1854Perth, Perthshire, ScotlandDied15 January 1934(1934-01-15) (aged 79)Alma materSt John's College, CambridgeProfessionPhysician Sir Donald MacAlister, 1st Baronet of Tarbet KCB FRSE (17 May 1854 – 15 January 1934) was a Scottish physician who was Principal and Vice-Chancello...

 

Derby Romero

Ini adalah nama Batak Toba, marganya adalah Nainggolan. Derby RomeroLahirMartua Rumeru Derby Nainggolan8 Juni 1990 (umur 33)Bandung, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaKebangsaanIndonesiaNama lainDerby RomeroPekerjaanPemeranpenyanyiprodusersutradaraTahun aktif2000—sekarangSuami/istriClaudia Adinda ​(m. 2017)​Anak1 Martua Rumero Derby Nainggolan (lahir 8 Juni 1990) adalah pemeran, penyanyi, produser, dan sutradara Indonesia. Kehidupan pribadi Ia menikah dengan C...

 

United States v. Lee (1982)

This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: United States v. Lee 1982 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1982 United States Supreme Court caseUnited States v. LeeSupreme Court of the United StatesArgued November 2, 1981Decided February 23, 1982Full case nameUnited Stat...

Internet in Indonesia

Overview of the Internet in Indonesia Before the era of internet business in Indonesia, internet connections could only be found at a few leading universities. By using UUCP, university servers in Indonesia exchange information with other university servers in the world through their respective gateways. In 1994, the internet business in Indonesia was started, marked by the granting of an internet service provider (ISP) company license issued by the Indonesian government to PT. Rahajasa Media...

 

Berlin–Wrocław railway

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Berlin–Wrocław railwayThe Berlin-Warsaw Express in 2010OverviewNative nameNiederschlesisch-Märkische EisenbahnLine number Berlin–Guben: 6153 Gubinek–Wrocław Muchobór 275 Wrocław Muchobór–Wrocław Główny 273 LocaleBerlin, Brandenburg...

 

Kalev Sports Hall

Sports venue in Tallinn Kalev Sports HallKorvpalli Häll (The Cradle of Basketball)Kalev Sports Hall in 2011LocationTallinn, EstoniaOwnerRepublic of EstoniaOperatorCity of TallinnCapacity1,780Field size45,4m x 33,15mConstructionOpened1962Renovated2011,[1] 2017Construction cost400,000 Rbls (equivalent to US$360,000 at the time)ArchitectPeeter Tarvas & Uno TölpusTenantsBC Kalev/CramoTallinna Kalev Kalev Sports Hall (Estonian: Kalevi spordihall) is a multi-purpose arena in Esto...

Dammit

For other uses, see Dammit (disambiguation). 1997 single by Blink-182DammitSingle by Blink-182from the album Dude Ranch ReleasedSeptember 23, 1997RecordedDecember 1996–January 1997StudioBig Fish Studios (Encinitas, California)Genre Pop punk punk rock Length2:45Label MCA Cargo Songwriter(s) Mark Hoppus Tom DeLonge Scott Raynor Producer(s)Mark TrombinoBlink-182 singles chronology Apple Shampoo (1997) Dammit (1997) Dick Lips (1998) Music videoDammit on YouTube Dammit (sometimes subtitled Growi...

 

PEP group translocation

PEP group translocation, also known as the phosphotransferase system or PTS, is a distinct method used by bacteria for sugar uptake where the source of energy is from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). It is known to be a multicomponent system that always involves enzymes of the plasma membrane and those in the cytoplasm. The PTS system uses active transport. After the translocation across the membrane, the metabolites transported are modified. The system was discovered by Saul Roseman in 1964.[1...

 

Meg Onli

American curator Meg OnliBorn (1983-12-12) December 12, 1983 (age 39)NationalityAmericanAlma materSchool of the Art Institute of Chicago (BFA)Courtauld Institute of Art (MA)Occupation(s)curator, writer Meg Onli (born December 12, 1983) is an African-American art curator and writer. She is currently the Andrea B. Laporte Associate Curator at the Institute of Contemporary Art in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[1][2][3] Her curatorial work primarily revolves around ...

Sikorsky S-16

S-16 Sikorsky S-16 circa 1915 Role FighterType of aircraft National origin Russian Empire Manufacturer RBVZ (Russo-Baltic Wagon Works) Designer Igor Sikorsky First flight 6 February 1915 Introduction January 1916 Retired 1923 Primary users Imperial Russian Air ServiceSoviet Air Force The Sikorsky S-16, or RBVZ S-XVI (named after its manufacturer), was a Russian equi-span single-bay two-seat biplane designed by Igor Sikorsky in 1914-15. Conceived in response to demand for an escort fighte...

 

Indignation

For other uses, see Indignation (disambiguation). A man shrugging the shoulders, simulating indignation, from Darwin, Charles (1872). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. London: John Murray. pp. 264–265. Indignation is a complex and discrete emotion that is triggered by social emotions and social environments. Feelings of anger and disgust are some emotions that make up indignation. The feeling of indignation can occur when one is mistreated by another or negative feelin...

 

Pemilihan umum Bupati Hulu Sungai Tengah 2020

Pemilihan Umum Bupati Hulu Sungai Tengah 2020201520249 Desember 2020[1]Kandidat   Calon Aulia Oktafiandi Akhmad Tamzil Faqih Jarjani Partai Independen Independen Independen Pendamping Mansyah Sabri Ilham Effendy Abu Yazid Bustami   Calon Berry Nahdian Forqan Saban Effendi Partai PDI-P Partai Golongan Karya Pendamping Pahrijani Abdillah Alaydrus Peta persebaran suara Peta Kalimantan Selatan yang menyoroti Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah Bupati dan Wakil Bupati petahanaAbdul Lati...

Gampaha District

Administrative District in Western, Sri LankaGampaha District ගම්පහ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයகம்பஹா மாவட்டம்Administrative DistrictLocation within Sri LankaCoordinates: 07°08′N 80°00′E / 7.133°N 80.000°E / 7.133; 80.000CountrySri LankaProvinceWesternCreatedSeptember 1978CapitalGampahaDS Division List AttanagallaBiyagamaDivulapitiyaDompeGampahaJa-ElaKatanaKelaniyaMaharaMinuwangodaMirigamaNegomboWattala Governme...

 

Operation Sailor Hat

1965 explosives test in Kahoolawe, HawaiiSailor Hat redirects here. For the piece of clothing, see sailor hat. Operation Sailor Hat500 short tons (454 t) of TNT (5 x 10 meter, 17 × 34 feet) awaiting detonation at Operation Sailor Hat. The USS Atlanta is visible in the background.InformationCountryUnited StatesTest site Kahoʻolawe, Hawaii San Clemente Island, California Coordinates20°30′15″N 156°40′44″W / 20.50417°N 156.67889°W / 20.50417; -156.6...

 

Cortes de Distrito de los Estados Unidos

Cortes de Distrito de los Estados UnidosLocalizaciónPaís Estados UnidosOrganizaciónComposición palacio de justiciaDepende de Poder judicial federal de los Estados Unidos[editar datos en Wikidata] Mapa de los límites de los Tribunales de Distrito y las Cortes de Apelaciones de Estados Unidos. Las Cortes de Distrito de los Estados Unidos son los tribunales de primera instancia del poder judicial federal de los Estados Unidos. Hay un tribunal de distrito por cada distrito jud...

Nitrogen assimilation

Nitrogen assimilation is the formation of organic nitrogen compounds like amino acids from inorganic nitrogen compounds present in the environment. Organisms like plants, fungi and certain bacteria that can fix nitrogen gas (N2) depend on the ability to assimilate nitrate or ammonia for their needs. Other organisms, like animals, depend entirely on organic nitrogen from their food. Nitrogen assimilation in plants Plants absorb nitrogen from the soil in the form of nitrate (NO3−) and ammoniu...

 

شركة بام المعدانية (أولاد سعيد الواد)

شركة بام المعدانية تقسيم إداري البلد المغرب  الجهة بني ملال خنيفرة الإقليم بني ملال الدائرة قصبة تادلة الجماعة القروية أولاد سعيد الواد المشيخة أولاد سعيد الواد السكان التعداد السكاني 677 نسمة (إحصاء 2004)   • عدد الأسر 110 معلومات أخرى التوقيت ت ع م±00:00 (توقيت قياسي)[1]...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!