Human adenovirus 41

Human adenovirus 41
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Varidnaviria
Kingdom: Bamfordvirae
Phylum: Preplasmiviricota
Class: Tectiliviricetes
Order: Rowavirales
Family: Adenoviridae
Genus: Mastadenovirus
Species:
Human mastadenovirus F
Virus:
Human adenovirus 41

Human adenovirus 41 (HAdV-F41), is an enteric Adenovirus, a nonenveloped virus with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double-stranded DNA genome.[1]

It can particularly target the gastrointestinal tract to cause gastroenteritis, with symptoms similar to rotavirus gastroenteritis and norovirus.[2] It may be present in the gut without causing symptoms and can be detected by using molecular based assays and enzyme immunoassay.[2][3] As of August 2022, human adenovirus 41 has been identified in a majority of small children with hepatitis of unknown cause in 2 case series.

Classification

Human adenovirus 41 belongs to the Adenoviridae family, and along with human adenovirus 40, is a member of species human mastadenovirus F.[4][5]

Pathology

It can particularly target the gastrointestinal tract to cause gastroenteritis in very young children.[3] Symptoms appear similar to rotavirus gastroenteritis and norovirus.[2] It may be present in the gut without causing symptoms.[3]

In an investigation of 5 children with an inflammation of the liver (hepatitis) of unknown cause at Birmingham, Alabama in October 2021, all turned out to have human adenovirus 41.[6] In August 2022, 9 children in a U.S. case series of hepatitis of unknown cause[7] and 27 of 30 children in a U.K. case series with hepatitis of unknown cause who underwent molecular testing[8] tested positive for human adenovirus type 41 in a sample. It was unclear whether human adenovirus 41 was the cause, however.[citation needed]

Diagnosis

It cannot be detected using traditional cell culture isolation,[3] but can be detected by using molecular based assays and enzyme immunoassay.[2]

Epidemiology

Globally it is a significant cause of gastroenteritis, particularly in low and middle income countries,[5][9] but less common than rotavirus and norovirus.[10] How frequently it occurs in sewage and drinking water is not known.[3] Type 40 is less common.[9]

History

It was first identified in 1983.[11]

References

  1. ^ Gallardo, José; Pérez-Illana, Marta; Martín-González, Natalia; San Martín, Carmen (15 May 2021). "Adenovirus Structure: What Is New?". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (10): 5240. doi:10.3390/ijms22105240. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 8156859. PMID 34063479.
  2. ^ a b c d Crews, Jonathan D. (2018). "12. Healthcare-associated gastrointestinal infections". In McNeil, J. Chase; Campbell, Judith R.; Crews, Jonathan D. (eds.). Healthcare-Associated Infections in Children: A Guide to Prevention and Management. Springer. p. 202. ISBN 978-3-319-98121-5.
  3. ^ a b c d e "11.2. Viral pathogens". Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda (4th ed.). World Health Organization. 2022. p. 276. ISBN 978-92-4-004506-4.
  4. ^ "Taxonomy browser (Human adenovirus 41)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  5. ^ a b Rafie, K.; Lenman, A.; Fuchs, J.; Rajan, A.; Arnberg, N.; Carlson, L.-A. (January 2021). "The structure of enteric human adenovirus 41-A leading cause of diarrhea in children". Science Advances. 7 (2): eabe0974. Bibcode:2021SciA....7..974R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe0974. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7793593. PMID 33523995.
  6. ^ "Overview: Children with Hepatitis of Unknown Cause | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2022-06-08. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
  7. ^ Gutierrez Sanchez, L. Helena; Shiau, Henry; Baker, Julia M.; Saaybi, Stephanie; Buchfellner, Markus; Britt, William; Sanchez, Veronica; Potter, Jennifer L.; Ingram, L. Amanda; Kelly, David; Lu, Xiaoyan (2022-07-13). "A Case Series of Children with Acute Hepatitis and Human Adenovirus Infection". New England Journal of Medicine. 387 (7): 620–630. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206294. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 9808750. PMID 35830653. S2CID 250529116.
  8. ^ Kelgeri, Chayarani; Couper, Michael; Gupte, Girish L.; Brant, Alexandra; Patel, Mitul; Johansen, Lauren; et al. (2022-07-13). "Clinical Spectrum of Children with Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Cause". New England Journal of Medicine. 387 (7): 611–619. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206704. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 35830627. S2CID 250528150.
  9. ^ a b Lee, B; Damon, CF; Platts-Mills, JA (October 2020). "Pediatric acute gastroenteritis associated with adenovirus 40/41 in low-income and middle-income countries". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 33 (5): 398–403. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000663. PMC 8286627. PMID 32773498.
  10. ^ Wang, Hongyun; Yang, Shimin; Liu, Jiejie; Fu, Zhiying; Liu, Yingle; Zhou, Li; Guo, Haitao; Lan, Ke; Chen, Yu (11 June 2022). "Human adenoviruses: a suspect behind the outbreak of acute hepatitis in children amid the COVID-19 pandemic". Cell Insight. 1 (4): 100043. doi:10.1016/j.cellin.2022.100043. ISSN 2772-8927. PMC 10120317. PMID 37192861.
  11. ^ Flint, S. Jane; Nemerow, Glen R. (2017). "8. Pathogenesis". Human Adenoviruses: From Villains To Vectors. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 161. ISBN 978-981-310-979-7.

Further reading

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