The House ofCámara (also known in Spanish as de la Cámara or in Portuguese as da Câmara or Gonçalves da Câmara) is an aristocratic family with a rich history in Spain, Portugal and Mexico.
In Mexico, the Cámara family has a history that dates back to 1542 when Juan de la Cámara, a key figure in the Spanish conquest of Yucatán, contributed to the foundation of Mérida.[6] As part of the criolloaristocracy in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, they solidified their status as major landowners and members of the Mexican nobility.[7][8] Their ownership of Cancún and its surroundings further underscores their enduring influence.[2] Between 1870 and 1920, the henequen industry in Yucatán boomed as sisal fiber was in high demand in international markets during the Second Industrial Revolution. This economic boom enabled a handful of Yucatecan families, including the Cámara, to amass extraordinary wealth, ranking among the most affluent in the Americas.[9][10] Politically, the Cámara family left its mark through its ties to Maderism, exemplified by the marriage of María Cámara Vales to José María Pino Suárez, Vice President of Mexico. However, the Mexican Revolution and subsequent agrarian reforms led to the expropriation of their vast estates, precipitating a decline in their economic and political influence. Despite these setbacks, the family's descendants have continued to distinguish themselves across a range of fields, including business, politics, culture, law, and diplomacy, well into the 20th century.
History
The origins of the family date back to 1227 when Gonzalo de la Cámara, a military officer, was ennobled by orders of King Ferdinand III of Castile, thus recognizing his outstanding participation in the surrender of Baeza by the Moors.
Although Gonzalo de la Cámara was originally from Alcalá de Henares, his descendants settled in Galicia, in the north of Spain; One of the most distinguished was Juan Rodríguez de la Cámara, a poet from the late 15th century who was born in Padrón, a municipality in the Galician province of La Coruña. Speaking about his family origins, the Spanish Royal Academy of History (Real Academia de la Historia) tells us that his "family name, Cámara, appears registered in the tomb of the main local church, he must have been born in the Galician town of his last name or in its vicinity in the last years of the fourteenth century, in a family belonging to the nobility."[11]
Portuguese branch
São Miguel, the largest island in the Azores, was governed by the family between the 15th and 18th centuries.
For many centuries, the family maintained the hereditary title of Captain-Major (Capitães dos Donatários) of the island of São Miguel in the Azores. Similarly, for five hundred years, until the dissolution of the Portuguese monarchy in 1910, his descendants held no less than 2 marquisate, 5 countships and a lordship, becoming one of the most important noble families of the Kingdom of Portugal. By 1520, the heraldry of the family was already represented in the Livro do Armeiro-Mor, the oldest and most important armorial of the Kingdom of Portugal that included the arms of royalty and the main noble families of Europe.
Built in the 17th century, the Palace of the Counts of Calheta was the residence of the Camara family in Lisbon.
In 1573, the captain of São Miguel, Manuel da Câmara passed on the administration of the island to his son Rui Gonçalves da Câmara (the third such Rui in the family), and went to live in Lisbon until his death in 1578, at a time when the reign of the Cardinal King was nearing its end.[12] Following the king's death several pretenders lined-up to assume the monarchy, including Philip II of Spain, António, Prior of Crato and the Infanta Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, among others.[12] But, it was the conflict between António and Philip II that took centre stage: following António's defeat at the Battle of Alcântra, he remained king in only the Azores (barring São Miguel, where the nobles were indifferent to the monarch).[12]
Rui, meanwhile, following his father's death had chosen to remain in Lisbon, and was there when the continent fell to Philip II.[12] He aligned himself, and by association, his family to the Philippine succession.[12] For his part, King Philip conceded to him, the title of Count of Vila Franca.[12] At the time, the Countship was the highest honorific title that the King could bestow on a Portuguese citizen, especially one that was not his own son.[12] There were few counts in Portugal, and many of them were wealthy and powerful.[12] The selection of the designation was specifically chosen to privilege the nobles of the island of São Miguel, where the provincial capital had been of Vila Franca do Campo until 1522.[12]
Yet, the municipal authorities at the time did not appreciate that D. Rui was named Count in their name, since that title was conferred by a Spanish King.[12] Philip II undeterred responded that the title was merely honorific, and that the title did not transgress any of the rights and privileges of the "citizens" of the town.[12]
João Gonçalves de Camara (Zarco), discovered Madeira in 1419.
Rui da Câmara eventually arrived in his countship along with a second fleet, ordered to the archipelago to conquer the island of Terceira, which had held out (along with other islands) the acclamation of Philip as King of Portugal.[12] This began a period of unified power in the Azores under the flag of Spain, that would continue until the Restoration of Portuguese independence.[12] In the meantime, the Gonçalves da Câmara line enjoyed privileges in the Azores, under successive Captains-Donataráios and Counts of Vila Franca.[12][13][14]
In the aftermath of the succession of John IV to the throne,[14] many of the islands of the Azores acclaimed the monarch and Rodrigo da Câmara, 3rd Count of Vila Franca, eventually accepted his reign following the defeat of the Spanish at the fortress of Terceira and a personal letter from John IV.[15] Rodrigo kept his titles and privileges following the defeat, but, in 1650, the Inquisition investigated and arrested the Count from several complaints raised against him associated with sexual escapades.[15] His possessions, privileges and titles were confiscated and his family's position was in crisis: the noble eventually died a miserable death in the Convent of Cape St. Vincent in 1601.[15] Although his wife was unable to liberate her husband, she was able to influence the King into restoring their family honours and possessions following her husband's death, thanks to her family connections as descendant of Vasco da Gama.[16] Her son was the direct beneficiary of this warming of ties. Owing to the tarnished nature of the Countship of Vila Franca, it was decided by the King to substitute Ribeira Grande for the blemished former provincial title.[16] The use of Vila Franca had already been a polemic decision in the first place, since Philip II of Spain had not consulted the Portuguese before instituting the honorific.[16]
On the initiative of the Marquis of Pombal, King José I of Portugal signed a decree on August 2, 1766 creating the Captaincy General of the Azores, based in Angra do Heroísmo. The Captain General now governed the entire civil, judicial, and military service of the archipelago. By that same decree, the Captains were abolished, ending more than three hundred years of history. However, the family continued to hold their other noble titles until the establishment of the Portuguese Republic in 1910. João da Câmara, a playwright and son of the 8th Count of Ribeira Grande, was the first Portuguese citizen to be nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature. in 1901.
D. José da Câmara, 4th Count of Ribeira Grande (1712–1757);
D. Guido Augusto da Câmara e Ataíde, 5th Count of Ribeira Grande (1718–1770);
D. Luís António José Maria da Câmara, 6th Count of Ribeira Grande (1754–1802);
D. José Maria Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara, 7th Count of Ribeira Grande (1784–1820);
List of marquess of Ribeira Grande
D. Francisco de Sales Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara, 8th Count of Ribeira Grande (1819–1872), created 1st Marquis of Ribeira Grande by decree of King Pedro V of Portugal, issued on September 5, 1855
D. José Maria Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara, 9th Count of Ribeira Grande (1843–1907);
D. Vicente de Paula Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara, 10th Count of Ribeira Grande (1875–1946);
Pretendants
Following the fall of the monarchy, the Republican government abolished noble and honorific titles. Yet, some of the descendants still maintained those honorific titles and claims, including: D. José Maria Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara; D. José Vicente Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara; and D. José Cabral Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara.
Despite their influence, the Cámara family and other conquistadors struggled to gain the recognition they felt entitled to. The Spanish Crown was hesitant to grant titles in the New World, fearing the rise of a powerful local nobility. However, in 1543, Charles V designated the conquistadores of Yucatán as "first and principal conquerors," granting them preferential treatment over later settlers. Still, landownership among these families often dwindled, with only 45% of grants remaining within the original families by the second generation.[19]J.H. Elliott, an Oxford historian, noted that high attrition rates, due to death or return to Spain, were common.[19] This makes the Cámara family a remarkable exception, enduring from the Conquest in the 16th century to the present day. During the Colonial period (1521–1821), they emerged as one of the most prominent families of Mexican nobility, becoming leading landowners in the Yucatán Peninsula, rivaled only by the Peón family, who, though arriving in the 18th century, inherited the estates (mayorazgo) of the now-extinct Montejo family.
Raymundo Cámara, was a powerful landowner and industrialist.
A genealogical study by Manuela Cristina García Bernal underscores the emergence of a privileged caste in Yucatecan society, an insular oligarchy descended from prominent conquistadores. This closed society preserved and enhanced its lineage through selective marriages, defending its origins and maintaining elite status over five centuries.[8]
The Henequen Boom
Between 1870 and 1920, the Cámara family rose to prominence during Yucatán’s henequen boom, a period that transformed the region into Mexico’s wealthiest.[28][29] Henequen, indispensable for industrial and naval applications, brought immense revenue to Yucatán. By 1900, exports to the United States alone generated approximately $1.7 billion annually (equivalent to $62 billion in 2023).[30] This economic surge positioned Yucatán as the most prosperous and industrialized region in Mexico at the turn of the century.
Against this backdrop, traditional landowning families dating back to the colonial era adapted to the shifting economic landscape,[31] amassing "incalculable fortunes, placing them among the wealthiest individuals in the Americas."[9] Among these families, Raymundo Cámara emerged as a key figure within an elite oligarchy. This group "concentrated land ownership, produced 50% of the henequen, controlled close to 90% of its trade, and directed regional politics"[32]
John Kenneth Turner portrayed the lifestyles of these elite families, noting that they "lived in expensive palaces in Mérida, many of them owning houses abroad. They traveled extensively, spoke multiple languages, and constituted a highly cultured class upon which the entire Yucatán Peninsula depended."[33] Similarly, Gilbert Joseph, a Yale historian, described their opulent lifestyles, noting how they "elbowed their way confidently past bowing waiters to the roulette tables of San Remo with the silver Peruvians, the cattle-Argentines, and the steel Americans. French lessons were all the rage. A team of Parisian milliners and modistes visited Mérida to take orders from the grandest dames. At least once a year, Yucatecos polished their linguistic skills and exhibited their sartorial splendor abroad, with local social columnists faithfully reporting their European triumphs."[10]
The Cámara family has also played a prominent historical role in the state of Campeche, with its influence and legacy enduring across multiple generations. Following Campeche's separation from the Yucatán Peninsula in 1863, descendants of Don José María Macedonio Cámara Zavala chose to retain properties and establish themselves in the new state. This decision solidified their presence in the city of San Francisco de Campeche and various regions within its territory.
Today, they continue to manage significant and productive properties, such as the San Francisco Ich Ek estate in Hopelchén, contributing to the region's social and economic development. Among the notable members of the family is Carlos Pérez Cámara, who served as a senator and governor of Campeche. In Palizada Municipality and surrounding areas of Tabasco, figures such as Gonzalo Cámara Evia have played key roles in the region's commercial development, alongside Carlos Pellicer Cámara, a renowned writer, poet, museographer, and Mexican politician. In his honor, the Carlos Pellicer Cámara Regional Museum of Anthropology stands today.
The family also owned extensive properties, including several large haciendas in the Yucatán Peninsula, many of which were expropriated during the 1937 agrarian reforms. Despite their once-great power, many haciendas eventually fell into disuse. A few of the haciendas owned by members of the Cámara family in the early 20th century include San Antonio Cámara,[35]Chucmichén,[35] Santa Ana,[36]Xcalak,[36] San Diego Azcorra,[37]Itzincab Cámara,[38] Polyuc,[36] and Dzuiché,[36] among others. They were also the owners of the iconic Cámara Houses in Mérida.
Barreto, Maxcahrenas. Portuguese columbus : secret agent of King John II.. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. OCLC 935190217 ISBN978-968-16-5995-0[39]
Melo, Carlos. História dos Açores: Da descoberta a 1934 . Ponta Delgada: Câmara Municipal de Ponta Delgada, 2008.
Faria e Maia, Francisco de Athayde M. de.. Capitães dos donatários (1439–1766). Lisboa, Portugal: Núcleo Gráfico da Escola Preparatória de F. Arruda, 1972. OCLC 976699653[40]
Valdés Acosta, José María. A Través de las Centurias (Vol. I). México DF: Talleres Litográficos de la Impresora Bravo, 1979. OCLC 6626094[41]
García Bernal, Manuela Cristina. La Sociedad en Yucatán (1700–1750). Sevilla, España: Editorial CSIC, 1972. OCLC 1178651[42]
González Muñoz, Victoria and Martínez-Ortega, Ana. Cabildos y élites capitulares en Yucatán (1700–1725). Sevilla, España: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla, 1989. OCLC 782343653[43]
Ladd, Doris. The Mexican Nobility at Independence (1780–1826) . Austin, Texas: Institute of Latin American Studies, 1976. OCLC 491921643[44]
^Ladd, Doris M. (1978). The Mexican Nobility at Independence, 1780–1826. University of Texas Press. pp. Appendix. ISBN978-0292750272.
^ abBernal, Manuela Cristina García (1972). La sociedad de Yucatán (1700–1750) (in Spanish). Editorial CSIC – CSIC Press. ISBN978-84-00-02030-9.
^ abMontiel, Elsie. ""Yucatán's Green Gold"". UNAM.
^ abJoseph, Gilbert Michael (1988). Revolution from Without: Yucatán, Mexico, and the United States, 1880–1924. Duke University Press. ISBN978-0-8223-0822-5.
^Technically, Manuel da Câmara did not hold his title for long, as the Inquisition had stripped these rights and privileges with the condemnation and imprisonment of his father
^Acosta, José María Valdés (1923). A través de las centurias: obra especial que contiene apuntes históricos, relatos genealógicos, reseñas biográficas, páginas literarias, antiguos documentos y retratos, etc., etc., etc (in Spanish). Talleres "Pluma y Lápiz".
^ abBreton, Yvan; Labrecque, Marie-France (1981). L'Agriculture, la pêche et l'artisanat au Yucatan: prolétarisation de la paysannerie maya au Mexique (in French). Presses Université Laval. ISBN978-2-7637-6918-9.
^ abcdRamos, Raquel Padilla (2018-12-28). Los irredentos parias.: Los yaquis, Madero y Pino Suárez en las elecciones de Yucatán, 1911 (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. ISBN978-607-539-239-4.
^Albornoz, Raúl Amílcar Aguilar (1998). Sitios patrimoniales: haciendas y quintas (in Spanish). Ayuntamiento de Mérida, Dirección de Desarrollo Urbano.
^Molina, Víctor M. Suárez (1977). La evolución económica de Yucatán a través del siglo XIX: apuntes históricos (in Spanish). Ediciones de la Universidad de Yucatán.
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