Helmet of Coțofenești

Helmet of Coțofenești
Tamassos bilingual 1
Material	Gold
Created	between 450 – 400 BCE
Discovered	1929 Varbilau, Muntenia, Romania
Discovered by	Traian Simion
Present location	Bucharest, Romania

The Golden Helmet of Coțofenești (pronounced /kotsofeneʃti/) is a Geto-Dacian helmet dating from the second half of the 5th century BCE.

In 1929, a child named Traian Simion uncovered the helmet by chance on the territory of the village of Poiana Coțofenești (now called Vărbilău), Prahova County, Romania, at a location called "Vârful Fundăturii".

Ioan Andrieșescu, professor of Prehistory at the University of Bucharest, conducted a thorough investigation at the site. The team of archaeologists noticed that helmet was not part of a gold treasure or grave but it was part of a local Geto-Dacian La Tène settlement.^[1] Archaeologists concluded that the helmet was a stray find, as only a few late Hallstatt pottery fragments were found, some of them wheeled. The helmet is kept at the National History Museum of Romania (inv. 11420).

Analysis

Mythological scene on the side

Mythological scene on the back

Weighing almost a kilogram, the gold helmet is very well preserved, missing only part of its skull cap. The form of the helmet and its decorations reveal the autochthonous character of this Geto-Dacian artwork. The helmet is decorated with large studs on the top of the skull and two very large apotropaic eyes, meant to ward off the evil eye and magic spells.^[1] It was established that it belonged to an unknown local Geto-Dacian king or to a local aristocratic noble, from around year 400 BC.^[1]

View with the damaged top.

The helmet's decorations depict a range of mythical creatures, and an illustration, on either cheek-piece, of a ritual enactment.^[2]

The cheek-pieces show a ram being sacrificed by a man who kneels on its body and is about to cut its throat with a short knife. The iconography on the right side of the helmet is of a great interest, and has been interpreted in light of the tauroctony scene from the Mithraic Mysteries. Environment and affluence might well account for a change to a larger beast in the species offered and a similar interpretation of a bull-slaying episode.^[3] This sacrifice of the ram might have been performed by the "king-priest-god".^[4]

The pair of Voracious Beasts on the Coțofenești neck-guard occupy a lower register along with a similar creature deprived of a victim’s leg.^[3] This motif of the "Voracious Beast" is found earlier in Assyrian art, and was popular among the Etruscans. Phoenicia was probably the intermediary for its transferral to Italy and around the Adriatic, but Voracious Beast must also have traveled through Asia Minor to appear in a North Thracian idiom not only on the Coțofenești neck-guard but also in high relief on the base of the Aghighiol beakers (Aghighiol is a village near the Danube Delta in eastern Romania).^[3]

Silver beaker from Agighiol

Silver beaker from Agighiol

The upper register displays a row of three seated or squatting winged creatures, rather monkey-like with human faces, long forearms, and long tails. These, however, are surely direct, if run-down, descendants of the sphinxes on a gold beaker from Amlash .^[3]

The eyes on a Greek battle-shield may be designated to ward off evil blows, but once translated onto a helmet, and above the eyes of a North Thracian noble who wore it, could mean "I see twice as well, I have eyes like my hawk".^[5] The Thracian gold and silversmiths who manufactured the objects were aware of other contemporary art styles — those of Scythia, Greece, northeast Italy, and now modern Slovenia were known through trade, travel and meetings — and they adapted conventions of representation suitable for their own purposes.^[5] The meaning of these motifs was no doubt context-specific.^[5]

Drawing of the mythological scenes in full

Graphic reconstruction of the damaged helmet, with the scene resembling a Mithraic tauroctony

The decorations such as rosette, strips, triangles, spiral and others are specific Geto-Dacian art motifs. The scene of sacrifice the ram is an oriental Iranian theme that entered in the Greek art and from there in the ‘barbarian’ art. Therefore, the helmet seems to have been realized in a Greek workshop. But, in the same time the awkward technique of execution that contrasts with the perfect technique of a Greek craftsman points out to an autochthonous one.^[6]

In popular culture

Incorrectly reconstructed replica, worn by Decebalus in the movie Dacii (The Dacians).

A replica of the helmet appeared in the 1967 historical movie Dacii (The Dacians) by Sergiu Nicolaescu, though it took place at least 500 years after the period to which the helmet has been dated. Worn by the Dacian king Decebalus, the movie helmet had a flat top, an inaccuracy that entered the vernacular of popular culture. The comic strips "Din zori de istorie", published in late 1970s in "Cutezătorii" magazine, written by Vasile Mănuceanu and drawn by Albin Stănescu, also depicts the helmet with a flat top. It is worn by the Getian king Odrix during the conflict with the Persian king Darius I, who in 513 BC, was campaigning against the Scythians. The action takes place within roughly the period that produced the original helmet. A similar comic strip written by Mănuceanu and drawn by Sandu Florea depicts the king Burebista wearing the helmet as well.

See also

• Getae
• Thracians

Notes

1. Berciu 1969, p. 77.
2. Powell, Brown & Boardman 1971, p. 193.
3. Powell, Brown & Boardman 1971, p. 193-194.
4. Polacco 1989, p. 177.
5. Taylor 1987, p. 127.
6. Berciu 1969, p. 81.

References

Modern

• Berciu, Dumitru (1969). Arta traco-getică [Thraco-Getic Art]. Biblioteca de arheologie (in Romanian). București, Romania: Editura Academiei.
• Polacco, Luigi (1989). Numismatica e antichità classiche: Volume 18. Cisalpino.
• Powell, Thomas George Eyre; Brown, M. A.; Boardman, John, eds. (1971). The European Community in Later Prehistory. Studies in Honour of C.F.C. Hawkes. Springer Routledge & Kegan Paul Books. ISBN 978-0-7100-6940-5.
• Taylor, Timothy (1987). Hodder, Ian (ed.). The Archaeology of Contextual Meanings. New Directions in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-32924-8.

External links

• Archaeology at Coțofenești - cIMeC' Digital Archives of Archaeology
• Synthesis of the monography of Dumbrăvești commune Archived 2011-08-13 at the Wayback Machine - Includes a detailed account of the discovery
• Article on the helmet Archived 2010-11-05 at the Wayback Machine (in Romanian)
• Helmet in the comic strips "Din zori de istorie", published in "Cutezătorii" magazine (in Romanian)
• The helmet in 3D by 88millimeters
• Gold and Silver Armour of the Getian-Dacian Elite. Military Equipment and Organization. Archived 2015-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
• Thracian beaker with birds and animals at the Metropolitan Museum of Art