Hellmouth

This article is about the medieval image. For the punk band, see Hellmouth (band). For the 2014 horror film, see Hellmouth (film).

Miniature from the Hours of Catherine of Cleves, Morgan Library & Museum, MS M.945, f. 107r

A Hellmouth, or the jaws of Hell, is the entrance to Hell envisaged as the gaping mouth of a huge monster, an image which first appeared in Anglo-Saxon art, and then spread all over Europe. It remained very common in depictions of the Last Judgment and Harrowing of Hell until the end of the Middle Ages, and is still sometimes used during the Renaissance and after. It enjoyed something of a revival in polemical popular prints after the Protestant Reformation, when figures from the opposite side would be shown disappearing into the mouth.^[1] A notable late appearance is in the two versions of a painting by El Greco of about 1578.^[2] Political cartoons still showed Napoleon leading his troops into one.^[3]

Nuremberg, Saint Lawrence parish church: Western portal, 1340s

Medieval theatre often had a hellmouth prop or mechanical device which was used to attempt to scare the audience by vividly dramatizing an entrance to Hell. These seem often to have featured a battlemented castle entrance, in painting usually associated with Heaven.^[4]

The Hellmouth was intended to remind a Christian audience of the danger of damnation. Those shown entering, or already inside, are typically shown naked, their clothing not having survived the General Resurrection of the Dead that is often part of the same image. Some, even if naked, wear headgear indicating their rank at the top of society, with the papal tiara, king's crown and bishop's mitre the most common. Far rarer are indications of people being non-Christian, such as the Jewish hat.^[5]

History

St. George's Church, Haguenau, Alsace, painted wood, 1496

The oldest example of an animal Hellmouth known to Meyer Schapiro was an ivory carving of c. 800 in the Victoria and Albert Museum, and he says most examples before the 12th century are English. Many show the Harrowing of Hell, which appealed to Anglo-Saxon taste, as a successful military raid by Christ. Schapiro speculates that the image may have drawn from the pagan myth of the Crack of Doom, with the mouth that of the wolf-monster Fenrir, slain by Vidar, who is used as a symbol of Christ on the Gosforth Cross and other pieces of Anglo-Scandinavian art.^[6] In the assimilation of Christianised Viking populations in northern England, the Church was surprisingly ready to allow the association of pagan mythological images with Christian ones, in hogback grave markers for example.^[7]

Satan swallowing the damned

In the Anglo-Saxon Vercelli Homilies (4:46-8) Satan is likened to a dragon swallowing the damned:

... ne cumaþ þa næfre of þæra wyrma seaðe & of þæs dracan ceolan þe is Satan nemned. [they] never come out of the pit of snakes and of the throat of the dragon which is called Satan.^[8]

Association with Leviathan

The whale-monster Leviathan (translated from Hebrew, Job 41:1, "wreathed animal") has been equated with this description, although this is hard to confirm in the earliest appearances. However, in The Whale, an Old English poem from the Exeter Book, the mouth of Hell is compared to a whale's mouth:

The whale has another trick: when he is hungry, he opens his mouth and a sweet smell comes out. The fish are tricked by the smell and they enter into his mouth. Suddenly the whale's jaws close. Likewise, any man who lets himself be tricked by a sweet smell and led to sin will go into hell, opened by the devil—if he has followed the pleasures of the body and not those of the spirit. When the devil has brought them to hell, he clashes together the jaws, the gates of hell. No one can get out from them, just as no fish can escape from the mouth of the whale.^[9]

Association with Cerberus

Later in the Middle Ages, the classical Cerberus also became associated with the image, although it is hardly likely that the Anglo-Saxons had him in mind.^[10]

Hellmouth as the mouth of Satan

Satan himself is often shown sitting in Hell eating the damned, but according to G.D. Schmidt this is a separate image, and the Hellmouth should not be considered to be the mouth of Satan, although Hofmann is inclined to disagree with this.^[11] The Hellmouth never bites the damned, remaining wide open, ready for more.

Decline of the motif in the Late Middle Ages

In general the motif had fallen from favour in Italy and the Netherlands by the late 14th century, and is rarely seen in the many Last Judgements in Early Netherlandish painting, but in the late medieval works by Hieronymous Bosch and his followers, where the wide interior of Hell is shown, there is often a Hellmouth leading to some special compartment. It continued in use in Germany and France. The Hellmouth appears, swallowing a bishop, at bottom left in The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, a famous woodcut by Albrecht Dürer (c. 1497–98).

Gallery

• 
  Hellmouth, locked by an archangel, from the Winchester Psalter of about 1150
• 
  Hell Mouth or Jaws of Hell, Bourges Cathedral, ca. 12th century
• 
  Queen Mary Apocalypse—BL Royal MS 19 B XV f. 38v Angel with key and dragon, 1st qtr 14th century
• 
  Simplified Last Judgment from Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry, c. 1440s
• 
  El Greco, The Adoration of the Name of Jesus, 1578–80, National Gallery

Citations

1. Example by Cranach, 1545
2. Variously called The Adoration of the Name of Jesus (National Gallery, London)image Archived 2009-05-07 at the Wayback Machine, The Dream of Philip II or Allegory of the Battle of Lepanto (Escurial).image
3. from first external link
4. The Ecclesiological Society Archived 2008-05-27 at the Wayback Machine Dooms and the mouth of hell in the late medieval period with pictures including two Renaissance stagings.
5. DeVun, Leah (2021). The Shape of Sex: Nonbinary Gender from Genesis to the Renaissance. Columbia University Press. pp. 93–94. ISBN 9780231195515.
6. Meyer Schapiro, "Cain's Jaw-Bone that Did the First Murder", Selected Papers, volume 3, Late Antique, Early Christian and Mediaeval Art, 1980, pp. 257-9 and notes, Chatto & Windus, London, ISBN 0-7011-2514-4 JSTOR
7. "The Anglo-Scandinavian Hogback: A Tool for Assimilation". Archived from the original on 2008-08-17. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
8. Hofmann, 85
9. "translation by Michael DC Drout". Archived from the original on 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
10. Hofmann, 148
11. Hofmann, 85

General references

• Hofmann Petra (2008). Infernal Imagery in Anglo-Saxon Charters. PhD thesis. St Andrews, Fife, Scotland: University of St Andrews. OCLC 944163293.

Further reading

• Schmidt, G. D. The Iconography of the Mouth of Hell: Eighth-Century Britain to the Fifteenth Century, 1995, Selinsgrove, PA, Susquehanna University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-945636-69-5
• Simmons, Austin. The Cipherment of the Franks Casket (PDF). Hellmouth (or the whale as constituting Hell) is inferred in the inscription on the front side of the Franks Casket.

External links

• Media related to Hellmouth at Wikimedia Commons