Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup K2b1
Possible time of origin30,000-40,000
Possible place of originSoutheast Asia; Oceania.
AncestorK2b (P331)
DescendantsS (K2b1a) and M (K2b1b)
Defining mutationsP397, P399 [1][2]

Haplogroup K2b1, known sometimes as haplogroup MS, is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by SNPs P397 and P399. It has a complex, diverse and not-yet fully understood internal structure; its downstream descendants include the major haplogroups Haplogroup M (P256) and Haplogroup S (M230).[3][2]

It is not clear at present whether the basal paragroup K2b1* is carried by any living males. Individuals carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians.

Structure

Main article: Structure of Y-DNA Haplogroup K

K2b1 is a direct descendant of K2b – known previously as Haplogroup MPS.

Its only primary branches are the major haplogroups S (B254), also known as K2b1a (and previously known as Haplogroup S1 or K2b1a4) and M (P256), also known as K2b1b (previously K2b1d).

Distribution

K2b1 is strongly associated with the indigenous peoples of Melanesia (especially the island of New Guinea) and Micronesia, and to a lesser extent Polynesia, where it is generally found only among 5–10% of males. It is found in 83% of males in Papua New Guinea.

Studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that, before contact with Europeans, about 29% of Australian Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander males belonged to downstream subclades of K2b1. That is, up to 27% indigenous Australian males carry haplogroup S1a1a1 (S-P308; previously known as K2b1a1 or K-P308),[4] and one study found that approximately 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% (11 individuals) of the sample in a study in which 45% of the total was deemed to be non-indigenous – belonged to haplogroup M1 (M-M4; also known as M-M186 and known previously as haplogroup K2b1d1). All of these males carrying M1 were Torres Strait Islanders.[5] (The other Y-DNA haplogroups found were: basal K2* [K-M526], C1b2b [M347; previously Haplogroup C4], and basal C* [M130].)

Population K2b1 (including Haplogroups M & S) as a % [6]
Papua New Guinea 82.76%
New Zealand 0%
Fiji 60.75%
Solomon Islands 30%
French Polynesia 8.00%
Vanuatu 18.5%
Guam 33.3% (small sample size)
Samoa 8.04%
Kiribati 0% (small sample size)
Tonga 23% M haplogroup in one study and 26% s haplogroup in a separate study and told in that study to be up to 43% haplogroup m and haplogroup s there
Micronesia FDR 66.67%
Marshall Islands 63.64%
Palau 61.5% (small sample size)
Cook Islands 3.9%
Wallis and Futuna 26%
Tuvalu 36%
Nauru 28.6% (small sample size)
Niue 0% (small sample size)
Tokelau 50% (small sample size)
Hawaii 20% (small sample size from FTDNA)
Aboriginal Australians 20% (657 samples; 56% assumed to be non-indigenous)[5]
Timor 6%
Aeta 0%
Chinese 0%
Filipinos 0%
Malaysia 2.40% ( small sample size )
Flores 0% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities )
Sulawesi 11.3% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities )
Eastern Indonesia (Wallacea) 25.9% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities )
Java 0%
Bali 0.9%
Sumatra 0%
Borneo (Indonesia) 5.80% ( samples includes diverse ethnic minorities )
West Papua 52.6%
Papua Province 82.6%
Sumba 25.2%
Chuukkese people (Micronesia) 76.5%
Pohnpeian people (Micronesia) 70% (small sample size)

References

  1. ^ "PhyloTree y - Minimal y tree".
  2. ^ a b Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (June 2014). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". Eur J Hum Genet. 23 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152.
  3. ^ van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau MH (Feb 2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–191. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764.
  4. ^ Karafet 2014
  5. ^ a b Nagle, N. et al., 2015, "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes", American Journal of Physical Anthropology (epub ahead of print version; abstract).
  6. ^ (i. e. individuals indigenous to Oceania are assumed to be K2b1)

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