Hakone Ekiden

Some runners and support staff in Oiso, Kanagawa during the Hakone Ekiden in 2024.

Hakone Ekiden (箱根駅伝), officially called the Tokyo-Hakone Round-Trip College Ekiden Race (東京箱根間往復大学駅伝競走, Tōkyō Hakone kan Ōfuku Daigaku Ekiden Kyōsō), is one of the most prominent university ekiden (relay marathon) races of the year held between Tokyo and Hakone in Japan on January 2 and 3. The race is telecast on Nippon Television.

This two-day race from Ōtemachi to Hakone and back is separated into five legs on each day.[1] Due to slight variations in the courses, the first day distance is 107.5 km while the distance on the second day is 109.6 km.[2]

Rules

At the end of 2023, promotional materials for participating universities in the Hakone Ekiden will be displayed inside Tokyo's JR Yamanote Line.

Five legs are provided between Tokyo and Hakone each way. Each runner runs one section, and alternates with the next runner at a station. Each team has ten runners, who each run with their team's sash which is handed over to the next runner on the team at each station.

If a runner cannot get to a station within a certain time after the leading team reaches it (10 minutes for legs 1–2, 15 minutes for legs 3–4, 20 minutes for all subsequent legs), the next runner starts with a substitute sash. The time difference is added to the goal time.

Participation

Daito Bunka University cheer staff demonstrates that school spirit is an important aspect of the Hakone Ekiden.

Twenty universities, which belong to The Inter-University Athletic Union of Kanto (関東学生陸上競技連盟, Kantō gakusei rikujō kyōgi renmei), can participate in this Ekiden. Ten of them are seeded teams that qualify by virtue of finishing in the top ten the previous year. Ten more teams qualify through their team results at the Hakone Ekiden Yosenkai, a 20 km qualifier held in the October preceding the race. A final select team, the Kanto Region University Student United Team (関東学生連合チーム, Kantō gakusei rengō chiimu), made up of top-placing individuals at October's Yosenkai 20 km Road Race from universities that do not qualify for Hakone as teams.[3] The 2014 and 2024 races did not include a select team, and before 2014, the select team was called the Kanto Region Select Team (関東学連選抜チーム, Kantō gakuren senbatsu chiimu), and were also constituted by a selection of top runners from universities that did not qualify as one of the 20 participating teams.

Seed rights

Teams who finished 10th place or better will be seeded and guarantees participation in the Hakone Ekiden for the next year.

Forfeiture

If a runner retires en route to a station because of an accident, his team is treated as retired. Although runners for following sections may run, their times are not officially recorded.

Course

Course of the Hakone Ekiden

Day 1, January 2

Leg 1 (21.3 km) From Ōtemachi, Tokyo to Tsurumi, Yokohama

The start of the race is in front of the Yomiuri Shimbun Building

The race begins at 8:00 a.m. in front of the Yomiuri Shimbun Building in Ōtemachi, Tokyo, and follows a relatively flat course along Hibiya-Dori and National Route 15 past various Tokyo landmarks such as Tokyo Imperial Palace, Tokyo Station, Hibiya Park, Zōjō-ji, and Tokyo Tower. Past Shinagawa Station, the runners will encounter some slopes at Shin-Yatsuyamabashi (新八ツ山橋) as well as Rokugōbashi over the Tama River at the 17 km mark, before arriving at the Tsurumi relay station.

This is one of the most important sections because the first runner's rank affects the flow of the entire ekiden for his team. As a result, teams usually enter a strong runner run in this section.

Leg 2 (23.1 km) From Tsurumi to Totsuka

After departing the Tsurumi relay station, the runners reach Yokohama Station before following National Route 1 on their way to Totsuka relay station. As part of the traditional 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō, the runners will face a significant uphill climb at Gontazaka at the 13 km mark. The last 3 km section is also made up of a combination of uphill climbs and downhill descents.

As this is the longest leg of the race, the fastest runner in each team traditionally runs on this course as it has influence on the overall pace of the race. The leg is often referred to as Leg 2 of Flowers (花の2区) in reference to its often star-studded runners and status.

Leg 3 (21.4 km) From Totsuka to Hiratsuka

The first 9 km of leg is marked with a gentle descent as the course gradually departs the urban areas towards the Shōnan coastline. The runners join National Route 134 at Chigasaki, and travel along the coastline with Mount Fuji in front of them and Sagami Bay to their left. Leg 3 finishes after the runners cross the Shonan Bridge over Sagami River, and reaches the Hiratsuka relay station on the coast.

Though considered to be the most scenic leg of the entire race, strong and sometimes unpredictable sea winds force runners to adapt as they exit the urban sections of the race. Like leg 2, leg 3 also often sees placements of the strongest runners of each team in order to keep pace.

Leg 4 (20.9 km) From Hiratsuka to Odawara

The shortest flat section of the race, leg 4 leads runners parallel to the Tokaido Main Line past towns of Ōiso and Ninomiya, before crossing the Sakawa River into the heart of Odawara. Passing by Odawara Castle, the last 3 km stretch of this leg sees a gradual uphill climb, a prelude to leg 5.

From 2006 to 2016, runners ran a shortened leg 4 at 18.5 km, the shortest of all legs, as organizers attempted to create a leg that would better highlight mid-distance runners of each team. However, the 20.9 km length was reinstated for the 2017 edition and has remained in place since.

Leg 5 (20.8 km) From Odawara to Lake Ashi, Hakone

The Kanreidoumon Gallery marks the beginning of the mountain climb in Leg 5

After passing by Hakone-Yumoto Station, the runners run past (or in earlier editions, run through) the Kanreidoumon Gallery to begin their climbs, and pass by various Hakone sights such as the Fujiya Hotel, Hakone Kowakien, a railroad crossing for the Hakone Tozan Line, and Hakone Keimei Gakuen before reaching the highest point of National Route 1 at 16.2 km. Finally, the runners run through the town of Moto-Hakone under the Torii of Hakone Shrine at 19 km, and reach the finish line at Lake Ashi.

Colloquially called The Mountain Climb (山上り) , leg 5 is considered to be one of the most grueling sections of the race that sees runners climb up to 874 m at the highest point of leg. While almost all competitors forego tank tops and opt to dress in long sleeved apparel to combat the low temperatures, leg 5 sometimes sees runners fall to conditions such as hypothermia and hypoglycemia due to its trying nature. This leg often sees uphill specialists from each team being deployed, with many often only running this section for their universities throughout their collegiate career. Those who have consistent high finishes in this section are traditionally referred to as God of the Mountain (山の神).

Day 2, January 3

Leg 6 (20.8 km) From Lake Ashi, Hakone to Odawara

Day 2 of the race begins at 8:00 a.m. with leg 6 being a reverse course of leg 5 from day 1, and its first 4 km section is an uphill section before rapidly descending the mountains, past the same sights as those of leg 5. The teams' coaches are not allowed to join the teams until they have reached Hakone-Yumoto Station at the base of the mountain.

As a reverse of leg 5 and colloquially called The Mountain Descent (山下り) , the downhill leg 6 is a speedy and challenging affair with average runner speeds of 25 km per hour. Runners also need to combat the morning chills of starting early in the morning atop of the mountains, and icy and slippery course conditions are not uncommon dependent on weather conditions. As a combination of these challenging conditions, leg 6 also sees a high number of specialist runners much like leg 5, and those who participate often take tolls on their legs and feet as they reach the bottom of the mountain.

Leg 7 (21.3 km) From Odawara to Hiratsuka

A near-reverse course of leg 4, leg 7 is slightly longer than its parallel during day 1 and sees its runners leave the mountains and head to the coast near Hiratsuka on a mostly flat course with minor inclines after 9 km.

As the sun rises throughout the course of leg 7, the difference of temperature between the start in Odawara and the finish at Hiratsuka is the largest out of all other sections. Runners have to combat and adapt to the changing weather conditions as they move towards Hiratsuka.

Leg 8 (21.4 km) From Hiratsuka to Totsuka

A reverse course of leg 3, the first half of leg 8 is mostly flat, however near Fujisawa there is a significant uphill section near Yugyōji-no-saka (遊行寺の坂) which may causes some runners difficulties.

As the temperatures continue to rise, some runners fall into states of dehydration near Yugyōji-no-saka, and proper management of runners' physical conditions is critical in leading the way to a successful final 2 legs of the race.

Leg 9 (23.1 km) From Totsuka to Tsurumi

A reverse course of leg 2, leg 9 is the longest leg of day 2. After revisiting Gontazaka, now as a downhill section, the rest of the course past Hodogaya Station is a mostly flat affair leading to the Tsurumi relay station.

Like leg 2, Most teams place their second-best runners for this leg, and it is likewise called Leg 9 of Pines (松の9区) to indicate its importance. The leg is critical for leading teams to cement their lead or for trailing teams to close their distance, either in a fight for the championship or a top-10 seeding position to guarantee their return to the next year's race. Owing to the strength of runners in this sections, overtakes are not uncommon during leg 9.

Additionally, the Tsurumi relay station at the end of leg 9 is the most common place for early starts (Kuriage-sutāto (繰り上げスタート)) to occur, as teams need to reach Tsurumi within 20 minutes of the race leaders to prevent a forced early start. Because of the symbolic importance of physically relaying the Tasuki to each teammate throughout the race, emotions often run high when teams fail to do so. The 160 m clear straight section at Tsurumi exacerbates this: teams close to the 20 minute cut-off physically see their teammates near the relay station, but not all teams make the successful exchange at this final relay station.

Leg 10 (23.0 km) From Tsurumi to Otemachi, Tokyo

The race concludes shortly after runners cross Nihonbashi, where the Kilometre Zero of Japan is located

A near-reverse course of leg 1, and similar to the opening leg, leg 10 is largely flat as runners head towards central Tokyo. The leg follows the same course as leg 1 until the final section, where it deviates east at Babasakimon (馬場先門) in front of the Nijubashi of the Tokyo Imperial Palace before turning north on Chuo-Dori through Kyōbashi. After crossing Nihonbashi, the race returns and concludes in front of the Yomiuri Shimbun Building, where the finish line awaits.

The spectating crowds grow gradually as the race progresses through leg 10, and runners have to face strong winds between tall buildings as they enter more built-up areas of Tokyo. As the final runners of each team close out the race, their teammates awaits them at the finish line in celebration and reflection.

Origin

Hakone Ekiden was started in 1920.[4] Shizo Kanakuri, who is known as the father of the Japanese marathon, conceived the idea. His enthusiastic idea of bringing up a runner who could compete in the world became the driving force of establishing Hakone Ekiden. When Kanaguri was a Tokyo Koto Shihan school (Koshi) student, he participated in Olympic Games in Stockholm in 1912 as one of the representative Japanese marathon runners. He had to give up his race on the way, however.[5]

In the meantime, the first ekiden, Tokaido ekidentohokyoso (東海道駅伝徒歩競走) was held in 1917 between Sanjō Ōhashi, Kyoto and Ueno Shinobazunoike (上野不忍池) Tokyo, celebrating 50 years after Tokyo became the capital. This race was a big relay race between Kyoto and Tokyo (516 km) held by Yomiuri Shimbun for three days. It succeeded and became the original form of Hakone Ekiden. Kanaguri was influenced by the success of the race and persuaded many universities that they should race in the Hakone Ekiden. As a result, Waseda University, Keio University, Meiji University and Tokyo Higher Normal School (now University of Tsukuba) replied to his offer and Hakone Ekiden started. Hakone Ekiden was started with great energy of the pioneers in Japanese sports society. It started during World War I, so industrial areas gradually expanded to the west and the Tokaido road was widened. Reflecting this active atmosphere, the Japanese sports society, including ekiden one, were developing great challenging spirits at that time.

Level of competition in 2010

In the 2010 (86th) race, of the 380 athletes (190 runners and 190 alternates) that represent the 19 universities, 328 have run under 14:40 for 5,000 meters; 150 at 14:20 and 33 under 14:00.[6] This figure compares very strongly with US collegiate men from all schools: athletic.net's list of collegiate men 5000 meters in 2009, which lists approximately 400 athletes at 14:40, 200 at 14:20 and 60 under 14:00 in 2009. Stepping up to the 10,000 meter distance, the same sources show that these 19 Tokyo universities list over 190 runners with personal bests under 30:00 (14 more sub 30 minute runners make up an all-star team of runners from other Tokyo universities); about 90 US collegians ran under 30:00 in 2009.

Winners

Year Iteration Winner
1920 1 Tokyo Higher Normal School
1921 2 Meiji University
1922 3 Waseda University
1923 4 Waseda University
1924 5 Meiji University
1925 6 Meiji University
1926 7 Chuo University
1927 8 Waseda University
1928 9 Meiji University
1929 10 Meiji University
1930 11 Waseda University
1931 12 Waseda University
1932 13 Keio University
1933 14 Waseda University
1934 15 Waseda University
1935 16 Nihon University
1936 17 Nihon University
1937 18 Nihon University
1938 19 Nihon University
1939 20 Senshu University
1940 21 Nihon University
1943 22 Nihon University
1947 23 Meiji University
1948 24 Chuo University
1949 25 Meiji University
1950 26 Chuo University
1951 27 Chuo University
1952 28 Waseda University
1953 29 Chuo University
1954 30 Waseda University
1955 31 Chuo University
1956 32 Chuo University
1957 33 Nihon University
1958 34 Nihon University
1959 35 Chuo University
1960 36 Chuo University
1961 37 Chuo University
1962 38 Chuo University
1963 39 Chuo University
1964 40 Chuo University
1965 41 Nihon University
1966 42 Juntendo University
1967 43 Nihon University
1968 44 Nihon University
1969 45 Nippon Sport Science University
1970 46 Nippon Sport Science University
1971 47 Nippon Sport Science University
1972 48 Nippon Sport Science University
1973 49 Nippon Sport Science University
1974 50 Nihon University
1975 51 Daito Bunka University
1976 52 Daito Bunka University
1977 53 Nippon Sport Science University
1978 54 Nippon Sport Science University
1979 55 Juntendo University
1980 56 Nippon Sport Science University
1981 57 Juntendo University
1982 58 Juntendo University
1983 59 Nippon Sport Science University
1984 60 Waseda University
1985 61 Waseda University
1986 61 Juntendo University
1987 63 Juntendo University
1988 64 Juntendo University
1989 65 Juntendo University
1990 66 Daito Bunka University
1991 67 Daito Bunka University
1992 68 Yamanashi Gakuin University
1993 69 Waseda
1994 70 Yamanashi Gakuin University
1995 71 Yamanashi Gakuin University
1996 72 Chuo University
1997 73 Kanagawa University
1998 74 Kanagawa University
1999 75 Juntendo University
2000 76 Komazawa University
2001 77 Juntendo University
2002 78 Komazawa University
2003 79 Komazawa University
2004 80 Komazawa University
2005 81 Komazawa University
2006 82 Asia University
2007 83 Juntendo University
2008 84 Komazawa University
2009 85 Toyo University
2010 86 Toyo University
2011 87 Waseda University
2012 88 Toyo University
2013 89 Nippon Sport Science University
2014 90 Toyo University
2015 91 Aoyama Gakuin University
2016 92 Aoyama Gakuin University
2017 93 Aoyama Gakuin University
2018 94 Aoyama Gakuin University
2019 95 Tokai University
2020 96 Aoyama Gakuin University
2021 97 Komazawa University
2022 98 Aoyama Gakuin University
2023 99 Komazawa University
2024 100 Aoyama Gakuin University

Shizo Kanakuri Trophy

This prize is awarded to the most valuable runner. This was founded in 2004(80th) to admire Shizo Kanakuri's accomplishment.

Year Iteration Name Univ
2004 80 Yukiharu Kanegae IUAU Team (University of Tsukuba)
2005 81 Masato Imai Juntendo University
2006 82 Masato Imai Juntendo University
2007 83 Yuki Sato Tokai University
Masato Imai Juntendo University
2008 84 Jun Shinotou Chuo Gakuin University
2009 85 Ryuji Kashiwabara Toyo University
2010 86 Ryuji Kashiwabara Toyo University
2011 87 Akinobu Murasawa Tokai University
2012 88 Ryuji Kashiwabara Toyo University
2013 89 Shota Hattori Nippon Sport Science University
2014 90 Kento Ohtsu Toyo University
2015 91 Daichi Kamino Aoyama Gakuin University
2016 92 Kazuma Kubota Aoyama Gakuin University
2017 93 Kiyohito Akiyama Nippon Sport Science University
2018 94 Keisuke Hayashi Aoyama Gakuin University
2019 95 Yohei Komatsu Tokai University
2020 96 Akira Aizawa Toyo University
2021 97 Vincent Yegon Tokyo International University
2022 98 Yuito Nakamura Aoyama Gakuin University
Yamato Yoshii Chuo University
2023 99 Vincent Yegon Tokyo International University
2024 100 Yuito Yamamoto Josai University

Titles

University Title(s) Year(s)
Chuo University 14 1926,1948,1950,1951,1953,1955,1956,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1996
Waseda University 13 1922,1923,1927,1930,1931,1933,1934,1952,1954,1984,1985,1993,2011
Nihon University 12 1935,1936,1937,1938,1940,1943,1957,1957,1965,1967,1968,1974
Juntendo University 11 1966,1979,1981,1982,1986,1987,1989,1989,1999,2001,2007
Nippon Sport Science University 10 1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1977,1978,1980,1983,2013
Komazawa University 8 2000,2002,2003,2004,2005,2008,2021,2023
Meiji University 7 1921,1924,1925,1928,1929,1947,1949
Aoyama Gakuin University 7 2015,2016,2017,2018,2020,2022,2024
Daito Bunka University 4 1975,1976,1990,1991
Toyo University 4 2009,2010,2012,2014
Yamanashi Gakuin University 3 1992,1994,1995
Kanagawa University 2 1997,1998
Tokyo Higher Normal School 1 1920
Keio University 1 1932
Senshu University 1 1939
Asia University 1 2006
Tokai University 1 2019

Records

Competition Records

Following are the current competition overall records.

Record Iteration (Year) University Time Distance
Round-trip 100 (2024) Aoyama Gakuin 10:41:25 217.1 km
Day 1 100 (2024) Aoyama Gakuin 5:18:13 107.5 km
Day 2 98 (2022) Aoyama Gakuin 5:21:36 109.6 km

Section Time Records

Following are the time record for each of the section from the current course in effect.

Section Time Name University Iteration (year)
1 1:00:40 Yamato Yoshii Chuo 98 (2022)
2 1:05:49 Vincent Yegon Tokyo International 97 (2021)
3 0:59:25 Vincent Yegon Tokyo International 96 (2020)
4 1:00:00 Vincent Yegon Tokyo International 99 (2023)
5 1:09:14 Yuito Yamamoto Josai 100 (2024)
6 0:57:17 Ryoji Tatezawa Tokai 96 (2020)
7 1:01:40 Hiroki Abe Meiji 96 (2020)
8 1:03:49 Yohei Komatsu Tokai 95 (2019)
9 1:07:15 Yuito Nakamura Aoyama Gakuin 98 (2022)
10 1:07:50 Hironobu Nakakura Aoyama Gakuin 98 (2022)

Overtake Records

Place Overtakes Name University Year (Iteration/Section)
1 20 Daniel Gitau Nihon Univ 2009 (85/2)[7]
2 17 Akinobu Murasawa Tokai Univ 2011 (87/2)[8]
3 15 Takuro Nakagawa Juntendo Univ 2003 (79/2)
Daniel Gitau Nihon Univ 2008 (84/2)
5 14 Vincent Yegon Tokyo International University 2021 (97/2)
6 13 Hideaki Date Tokai Univ 2008 (84/2)
Yuki Sato Tokai Univ 2009 (85/3)
8 12 Makoto Hattori Tokyo Nogyo Univ 1974 (50/2)
Yoshinori Oda Kanto Gakuin Univ 2003 (79/2)
Onbeche Mokamba Yamanashi Gakuin Univ 2005 (81/2)
Mekubo Mogusu Yamanashi Gakuin Univ 2006 (82/2)
12 11 Masato Imai Juntendo Univ 2005 (81/5)
Kōsaku Hoshina Nippon Sport Science Univ 2006 (82/2)
Daniel Gitau Nihon Univ 2010 (86/2)

Triple Crown

Winning the previous year's Izumo Ekiden and the All Japan University Ekiden at the same time is awarded the Triple Crown.

The following 5 universities have achieved this.

Univ Year
Daito Bunka University 1990-91
Juntendo University 2000-01
Waseda University 2010-11
Aoyama Gakuin University 2016-17
Komazawa University 2022-23
  • Run with the Wind is a 2006 Japanese novel by Shion Miura that narrates the build-up and training of a team to run the Hakone Ekiden. It has been adapted to manga, live action film and anime.

See also

References

  1. ^ "箱根駅伝公式Webサイト -衛星画像マップ-" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2008-01-01. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  2. ^ "箱根駅伝公式Webサイト" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  3. ^ "Hakone Ekiden Kanto Select Team to Return Without Results Being Counted". 2014-03-05.
  4. ^ 箱根駅伝とは―歴史― (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2008-01-22. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  5. ^ Kamiya, Setsuko (2010-12-07). "Hakone Ekiden gave relay races new fascination". Japan Times. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
  6. ^ "第86回箱根駅伝パーフェクトガイド" [86th Hakone Ekiden Spectator's Guide, January Supplement]. 陸上競技マガジン [Track and Field Magazine]. Vol. 60, no. 1. January 2010. pp. 11–30.
  7. ^ Shimbun, Yomiuri (2009-01-02). "日大・ダニエル、驚異の新記録「20人抜き」". Archived from the original on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
  8. ^ Shimbun, Yomiuri (2011-01-02). "Upstaged / Kashiwabara helps Toyo pass Waseda in final stage, move into position for 3-peat". Archived from the original on 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2019-10-10.

Read other articles:

Ada usul agar Suku Aborigin Australia diganti judulnya dan dipindahkan ke Aborigin Australia (Diskusikan). Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang Orang Aborigin Australia. Untuk informasi tentang Pribumi Australia secara umum, termasuk Orang Kepulauan Selat Torres, lihat Pribumi-Australia. Suku Aborigin AustraliaBendera Aborigin AustraliaAtas: Windradyne, David Gulpilil, Albert Namatjira, David Unaipon, Mandawuy Yunupingu Bawah: Truganini, Yagan, Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu, Bennelong, Robert...

 

MitsukurinidaeRentang fosil: 146–0 jtyl PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Kapur Awal sampai Sekarang Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Chondrichthyes Ordo: Lamniformes Famili: MitsukurinidaeD. S. Jordan, 1898 Genera Anomotodon † Mitsukurina D. S. Jordan, 1898 Protoscapanorhynchus † Pseudoscapanorhynchus † Scapanorhynchus † Woellsteinia † Sinonim Scapanorhynchidae Mitsukurinidae adalah famili hiu dengan satu genus yang hidup, Mitsukurina, dan 5 genera fo...

 

У Вікіпедії є статті про інші географічні об’єкти з назвою Гінгем. Переписна місцевість Гінгемангл. Hingham Координати 42°14′13″ пн. ш. 70°53′13″ зх. д. / 42.23720000002777653° пн. ш. 70.88720000002778932° зх. д. / 42.23720000002777653; -70.88720000002778932Координати: 42°14′13″ пн. ш....

Marszewska Góra Pueblo Coordenadas 54°14′42″N 18°21′56″E / 54.245, 18.36556Entidad Pueblo • País PoloniaHuso horario UTC+01:00 y UTC+02:00Matrícula GDA[editar datos en Wikidata] Marszewska Góra [pronunciación en polaco: /marˈʂɛfska ˈɡura/] (en alemán: Marschauerberg: ) es un pueblo ubicado en el distrito administrativo de Gmina Przywidz, dentro del Condado de Gdańsk, Voivodato de Pomerania, en Polonia del norte.[1]​ Se enc...

 

Die Bioverfügbarkeit ist eine pharmakologische Messgröße für den Anteil eines Wirkstoffes, der unverändert im Blutkreislauf zur Verfügung steht.[1] Sie gibt an, wie schnell und in welchem Umfang der Stoff (meistens Arzneistoff) aufgenommen (resorbiert) wird und unverändert am Wirkort zur Verfügung steht.[2][3] Bioverfügbarkeit nach intravenöser Gabe (per Definition 100 %, rot, i.v.) und nach oraler Gabe (schwarz, grau, p.o.): Sind die Flächen unter den ...

 

Book by Jacques Ellul The Technological Society AuthorJacques EllulOriginal titleLa Technique ou l'Enjeu du siècleTranslatorJohn WilkinsonCountryUnited StatesLanguageFrench, EnglishGenrePhilosophy, Sociology, Philosophy of TechnologyPublisherVintage BooksPublication date1954Published in English1964Pages332 The Technological Society is a book on the subject of technique by French philosopher, theologian and sociologist Jacques Ellul. Originally published in French in 1954, it was tr...

American musician and singer, founder of go-go music This article is about the American musician. For the Minnesota politician, see Chuck Brown (politician). For other uses, see Chuck Brown (disambiguation). Chuck BrownBrown performing in 2011BornCharles Louis Brown(1936-08-22)August 22, 1936Gaston, North Carolina, U.S.DiedMay 16, 2012(2012-05-16) (aged 75)Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.Other namesThe Godfather of Go-GoOccupationsSingermusiciansongwriterrecord producerguitaristMusical car...

 

Kota PalembangIbu kota provinsiTranskripsi bahasa daerah • PalembangPelémbang • Jawiكوتا ڤاليمبڠJembatan AmperaMuseum Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin IIMasjid Cheng Ho PalembangTaman Purbakala Kerajaan SriwijayaLRT PalembangMasjid Agung Palembang BenderaLambangJulukan: Bumi SriwijayaKota PempekSerambi HadramautVenice of the EastMotto: Palembang DjajaJayalah Kota PalembangKota PalembangPetaTampilkan peta Sumatera SelatanKota PalembangKota Palembang (...

 

Mostafa Mohammad-NajjarMenteri Dalam NegeriMasa jabatan9 Agustus 2009 – 15 Agustus 2013PresidenMahmoud AhmadinejadPendahuluSadegh MahsouliPenggantiAbdolreza RahmaniMenteri PertahananMasa jabatan9 Agustus 2005 – 9 Agustus 2009PresidenMahmoud AhmadinejadPendahuluAli ShamkhaniPenggantiAhmad Vahidi Informasi pribadiLahir2 Desember 1956 (umur 67)Tehran, IranKebangsaanIranKarier militerPihakIranDinas/cabangKomite RevolusiGarda RevolusionerMasa dinas1979–2005[1&...

Obsolete congressional district Vermont's 2nd congressional districtObsolete districtCreated179118211825Eliminated181018201930Years active1791–18131821–18231825–1933 VT-2 redirects here. The term may also refer to U.S. Route 2 in Vermont. Vermont's 2nd congressional district is an obsolete district. It was created upon Vermont's admission as the 14th state in 1791. It was eliminated after the 1930 census. Its last congressman was Ernest W. Gibson, who was redistricted into the at-large ...

 

International futsal competition 2022 AFC Futsal Asian Cupكأس آسيا لكرة الصالات 2022Tournament detailsHost countryKuwaitDates27 September – 8 OctoberTeams16 (from 1 confederation)Venue(s)1 (in 1 host city)Final positionsChampions Japan (4th title)Runners-up IranThird place UzbekistanFourth place ThailandTournament statisticsMatches played32Goals scored193 (6.03 per match)Top scorer(s) Hossein Tayyebi (10 goals)Best player(s) Moslem O...

 

22nd Michigan Infantry Regiment1st Division Reserve CorpsActiveAugust 29, 1862, to June 26, 1865CountryUnited StatesAllegianceUnionBranchInfantryEngagementsDefense of CincinnatiBattle of ChickamaugaBattle of Kennesaw MountainSiege of AtlantaBattle of JonesboroMilitary unit Child soldier Sgt. John Clem. He served in Co. C, 22nd Michigan Infantry Regiment from May 1, 1863 to September 19, 1864. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, Lib...

1957 filmPoveri ma belliDirected byDino RisiWritten byDino RisiPasquale Festa CampanileMassimo FranciosaProduced bySilvio ClementelliStarringMarisa AllasioMaurizio ArenaRenato SalvatoriCinematographyTonino Delli ColliMusic byGiorgio FaborPiero PiccioniRelease date1957 (Italy)10 June 1958 (U.S.)Running time101 min.LanguagesItalian Italian dubbers: Maria Pia Di Meo: Giovanna Giuseppe Rinaldi: Salvatore Sergio Fantoni: Romolo Flaminia Jandolo: Marisa Fiorella Betti: Anna Maria Gualtiero De Angel...

 

BangsringDesaKantor Desa BangsringPeta lokasi Desa BangsringNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TimurKabupatenBanyuwangiKecamatanWongsorejoKode pos68453Kode Kemendagri35.10.18.2001 Luas... km²Jumlah penduduk... jiwaKepadatan... jiwa/km² Bangsring adalah sebuah nama desa di wilayah Wongsorejo, Kabupaten Banyuwangi, Provinsi Jawa Timur, Indonesia. Pembagian wilayah Desa ini terdiri dari 2 dusun, yaitu: Dusun Krajan Dusun Paras Putih Pranala luar Situs Resmi Pemerintah Kabupaten Banyuwangi[p...

 

Conscription1780 caricature of a press gang Related concepts Alternative civilian serviceCivil conscriptionConscientious objectorConscription crisisDraft evasionImpressmentMilitary serviceNational serviceWar resister By historical country Ottoman EmpireRussian EmpireSoviet Union By modern country AustraliaAzerbaijanBermudaBrazilCanadaChinaCongo-Kinshasa (child soldiers)CubaCyprus (reduction)DenmarkEgyptFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceIsraelIranNorth KoreaSouth KoreaLatviaLithuaniathe NetherlandsNew...

Asagiri-class destroyer JS Umigiri at Subic Bay on 29 October 2006 History Japan Name Umigiri (うみぎり) Ordered1986 BuilderIHI Corporation, Tokyo Laid down31 October 1988 Launched9 November 1989 Commissioned12 March 1991 HomeportKure Identification MMSI number: 431999538 Pennant number: DD-158 StatusActive General characteristics Class and typeAsagiri-class destroyer Length137 m (449 ft 6 in) Beam14.6 m (47 ft 11 in) Draft4.5 m (14 ft 9 in) Pr...

 

1957 play by Tennessee Williams For the John Mellencamp album, see Orpheus Descending (album). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Orpheus Descending – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) First edition cover(New Directions,...

 

Japanese model and TV personality Miyu UeharaBornMutsumi Fujisaki(1987-05-02)2 May 1987Tanegashima, Kagoshima Prefecture, JapanDied12 May 2011(2011-05-12) (aged 24)Meguro, Tokyo, JapanCause of deathSuicideOccupations Gravure idol TV personality Years active2009–2011 Mutsumi Fujisaki[1] (藤崎 睦美[2], Fujisaki Mutsumi, 2 May 1987[3] – 12 May 2011[4]), better known as Miyu Uehara (上原 美優, Uehara Miyu), was a Japanese gravure idol...

2008 compilation album by Mariah CareyThe BalladsCompilation album by Mariah CareyReleasedOctober 20, 2008 (2008-10-20)Length 70:41 (UK) 75:32 (US) 76:10 (Japan) Label Columbia Legacy Producer Mariah Carey Walter Afanasieff Jermaine Dupri Manuel Seal Rhett Lawrence Jam & Lewis Dave Hall DJ Clue Trackmasters Stevie J Mike Mason Steve Mac Babyface Mariah Carey chronology E=MC²(2008) The Ballads(2008) Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel(2009) The Ballads (re-released in the...

 

  ميّز عن المماليك البحرية. المماليك الشركس أو المماليك البرجية أو مماليك البرج أو مماليك الحصن، هم عبارة عن لواء (من المماليك) كان مقيما في القلعة منذ جنده قلاوون منذ ما يقرب من مائة عام على وصولهم للحكم 1382 م 784 هـ. وبدأ الحكم بالظاهر برقوق. وانتهى بالأشرف طومان باي الذي...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!