Grimpoteuthis

Grimpoteuthis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Cephalopoda
Order:	Octopoda
Family:	Grimpoteuthidae
Genus:	Grimpoteuthis Robson, 1932
Type species
Grimpoteuthis discoveryi Collins, (2003)
Species
17, see text
SynonymsO'Shea (1999)
Enigmatiteuthis

Grimpoteuthis^[1] is a genus of pelagic cirrate (finned) octopods known as the dumbo octopuses.^[2] The name "dumbo" originates from their resemblance to the title character of Disney's 1941 film Dumbo, having two prominent ear-like fins which extend from the mantle above each eye. There are 17 species recognized in the genus.^[3][4]

Prey include crustaceans, bivalves, worms and copepods.^[2] The average life span of various Grimpoteuthis species is 3 to 5 years.^{[5][6][dead link‍]}

Range and habitat

Grimpoteuthis 2108m off Guyana.

Species of Grimpoteuthis are assumed to have a worldwide distribution, living in the cold, abyssal depths ranging from 1,000–7,000 metres (3,300–23,000 ft). Specimens have been found off the coasts of Oregon, the Philippines, Martha's Vineyard, the Azores, New Zealand, Australia, California, Papua and New Guinea, and in the Gulf of Mexico.^{[citation needed]}

A fairly recent observation was on 21 June 2022 at 1,250 metres (4,100 ft) by the vessel Normand Ocean, which inspects drilling platforms with underwater drones; the vessel was examining chains and risers on the Aasta Hansteen platform outside Trøndelag, Norway. The most recent observation as of 2023^[update] was on 24 May 2023 at 2108meters, this time in Guyana by the vessel Far Samson, which also uses underwater drones.^{[citation needed][relevant?]}

Dumbo octopuses are the deepest living octopuses known, with some specimens captured or observed at hadal depths. One Grimpoteuthis specimen was captured 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Grand Cayman at 7,279 metres (23,881 ft), but this depth is uncertain (as the specimen may have been captured while the net was descending to this depth).^[7]

In 2020, Grimpoteuthis was spotted 6,957 metres (22,825 ft) deep in the Java Trench, confirming the hadal distribution of this genus.^[8]

Species and taxonomy

As noted below, many species collected on the Challenger expedition were initially classified in the genera Cirroteuthis and Stauroteuthis.^[9][10] Several species formerly classified as Grimpoteuthis were later moved to genera Cirroctopus and Opisthoteuthis.^[11] A new family, Grimpoteuthididae (alternatively spelled Grimpoteuthidae), has been proposed to accommodate Grimpoteuthis and those of genera Enigmatiteuthis, Cryptoteuthis, and Luteuthis.^[12][13][14] The persistent confusion and disparity about the taxonomy of these species has been attributed to the poor quality and limited number of specimens available for study.^[13]

Species name	Reference	Geographic range	Depth range (meters)	Taxonomic notes
Grimpoteuthis abyssicola	O'Shea (1999)[12][15][16]	Tasman Sea (off New Zealand and southeastern Australia)	2821–3180m	Known from two specimens.[16]
Grimpoteuthis angularis	Verhoeff & O'Shea (2022)[16]	(off New Zealand)	628 m	Known from a single specimen. Internal shell form distinct from others in genus.[16]
Grimpoteuthis bathynectes	Voss & Pearcy (1990)[1][17]	North Pacific (Tufts and Cascadia abyssal Plains, off Oregon)	3932m
Grimpoteuthis boylei	Collins (2003)[11][18]	Northeast Atlantic (Porcupine and Madeira abyssal plains)	4845–4847m
Grimpoteuthis challengeri	Collins (2003)[11][19]	Northeast Atlantic (Porcupine abyssal plain)	4828–4838m
Grimpoteuthis discoveryi	Collins (2003)[11][20]	Northeast Atlantic	2600–4870m
Grimpoteuthis greeni	Verhoeff & O'Shea (2022)[16]	Southern Australia	480–1993m	Known from three specimens.[16]
Grimpoteuthis hippocrepium	Hoyle (1904)[10][21]	East Pacific (off Malpelo Island)	3334m	Previously assigned to genus Stauroteuthis; known from a single, "sadly mutilated" individual according to Hoyle.[10] The internal shell form is similar to G. abyssicola.[16]
Grimpoteuthis imperator	Ziegler & Sagorny (2021)[22]	Emperor Seamounts, North Pacific	3913–4417m	Known from a single specimen.[22]
Grimpoteuthis innominata	O'Shea (1999)[12][23]	South Pacific (east of New Zealand)	2000m	Alternatively classified as Enigmatiteuthis[12]
Grimpoteuthis meangensis	Hoyle (1886)[9][24]	West Pacific (off Meangis Islands, near Philippines)	925 m	Previously assigned to genera Cirroteuthis[9] and Stauroteuthis[10]
Grimpoteuthis megaptera	Verrill (1885)[9][25]	Northwest Atlantic (southeast of Martha's Vineyard)	4600m	Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis[9]
Grimpoteuthis pacifica	Hoyle (1886)[9][26]	South Pacific (off Papua New Guinea)	4500m	Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis[9]
Grimpoteuthis plena	Verrill (1886)[9][27]	Northwest Atlantic	2000m	Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis[9]
Grimpoteuthis tuftsi	Voss & Pearcy (1990)[1][28]	North Pacific (Tufts and Cascadia abyssal plains off Oregon)	3900m
Grimpoteuthis umbellata	Fischer (1883)[9][29]	North Atlantic (off Morocco, Canary Islands, and the Azores)	2235m	Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis[9]
Grimpoteuthis wuelkeri	Grimpe (1920)[30][31]	Northeast and northwest Atlantic	2055m

Movement, characteristics, and food supply

Observations of animals in the Atlantic reveal that Grimpoteuthis often rest on the seafloor with the arms and web spread out and uses its arms to slowly crawl along the seafloor. When disturbed, the webbing and arms are contracted to propel the animal off the seafloor and using the mantle fins for rapid locomotion.^[32]

The cushiony cartilage that can be found in the proximal position of the fin of Grimpoteuthis is responsible for acting as a support for the thick muscles that allow for rapid locomotion.

Although it has been suggested that species of Grimpoteuthis are capable of jet-propulsion (while swimming using the fins), this has since been deemed unlikely.^[32]

Feeding behavior has not been directly observed in Grimpoteuthis, but presumably is similar to Opisthoteuthis which can trap small prey items in the webbing (either by enclosing the prey in the arm webbing or between the webbing and the seafloor) and then use the cirri (fingerlike projections along the arms) to move food to the mouth. Known prey items (from dissected animals) include benthic polychaetes, benthopelagic copepods, amphipods and isopods.^[14]

Breeding

The cirrate octopuses are classified as 'continuous spawners': Females carry multiple eggs in various stages of maturation, and only lay one or two eggs at a time, with no seasonality in spawning (however, most of these aspects of reproductive biology have only been confirmed in Opisthoteuthis, not Grimpoteuthis). Mating in cirrate octopuses has never been observed, and unlike other octopuses, members of Cirrata lack a hectocotylus for the transfer of sperm packets.^[14] Cirrate octopus eggs are large and have a tough casing surrounding the chorion (not found in other octopuses), and Grimpoteuthis in particular attach their eggs to deep sea corals (octocorals).^[33]

Unlike other octopuses, the female cirrate octopus does not guard or incubate the eggs.^[14] Grimpoteuthis hatchlings emerge as "fully competent" juveniles with all of the sensory and motor features to survive on their own.^[34][33]

Sexual dimorphism between males and females is less noticeable and consistent in Grimpoteuthis compared to other cirrate octopuses (such as Opisthoteuthis). In some species (e.g., G. bathynectes^[1] and G.. discoveryi),^[11] the males have enlarged suckers relative to the females, but no such enlargement is found in other Grimpoteuthis species.^[14]

Threats

Species of Grimpoteuthis face few direct threats from humans largely due to living at depths of 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) and below. Natural predators of cirrate octopuses include large teleost fish and sharks, and even marine mammals such as sperm whales and seals, but these are mostly predators of other cirrate genera. Grimpoteuthis has only been recorded in the stomach contents of a shark.^[14]

The Grimpoteuthis do not have an ink sac (as is the case with all cirrate octopuses). Furthermore, the cirrate octopuses lack innervated chromatophores and therefore are not capable of changing color^[14] (despite some unreferenced statements to the contrary).^[35] How cirrate octopuses escape or avoid predators is largely unknown.

References

1. Voss GL, Pearcy WG (17 October 1990). "Deep-water octopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) of the northeastern Pacific". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 4th series. 47 (3). San Francisco, CA: California Academy of Sciences (published 1990–1992): 47–94 – via biodiversitylibrary.org.
2. "Finned deep-sea octopuses". MarineBio.org. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
3. "Grimpoteuthis (Robson, 1932)". World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). 2022 – via marinespecies.org.
4. Young R. "Grimpoteuthis". Tree of Life Web Project (tolweb.org). Retrieved 10 May 2014.
5. Roberts E (8 October 2018). "A Deep Dive with the Dumbo Octopus - Ocean Conservancy". Retrieved 8 November 2024.
6. Fazal R (29 September 2024). "A Deep Dive with the Dumbo Octopus,All About Dumbo Octopus". Ocean Fauna. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
7. Brunt MA, Davies JE (1994). The Cayman Islands: Natural history and biogeography. Dordrecht, NL: Kluwer Academic. p. 175. ISBN 0-7923-2462-5.
8. Jamieson AJ, Vecchione M (26 May 2020). "First in situ observation of Cephalopoda at hadal depths (Octopoda: Opisthoteuthidae: Grimpoteuthis sp.)". Marine Biology. 167 (6). article 82. doi:10.1007/s00227-020-03701-1.
9. Hoyle WE (1886). Report on the Cephalopoda collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Edinburgh, UK: Neill. pp. 3, 230–233. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.46542.
10. Hoyle WE (1904). "Reports on the Cephalopoda". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 43 (1): 5–7.
11. Collins M (9 September 2003). "The genus Grimpoteuthis (Octopoda: Grimpoteuthidae) in the north-east Atlantic, with descriptions of three new species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 139: 93–127. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00074.x.
12. O'Shea S (1999). The marine fauna of New Zealand: Octopoda (Mollusca: Cepahlopoda). Niwa Biodiversity Memoirs (Report). Vol. 112. Wellington, NZ: NIWA Research. pp. 5–278 – via researchers.mq.edu.au.
13. Piertney SB, Hudelot C, Hochberg F, Collins MA (2003). "Phylogenetic relationships among cirrate octopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) resolved using mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 27 (2): 348–353. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00420-7. PMID 12695097.
14. Collins MA, Villanueva R (2006). Taxonomy, ecology and behaviour of the cirrate octopods. Annual Review. Vol. 44. pp. 277–322. doi:10.1201/9781420006391.ch6 (inactive 11 November 2024). ISBN 978-0-8493-7044-1. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
15. O'Shea S, Young RE (2003). "Grimpoteuthis abyssicola". Tree of Life Web Project (tolweb.org). TOL ID 20117. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
16. Verhoeff TJ, O'Shea S (2022). "New records and two new species of Grimpoteuthis (Octopoda: Cirrata: Grimpoteuthididae) from southern Australia and New Zealand". Molluscan Research. 42: 4–30. doi:10.1080/13235818.2022.2035889. S2CID 247020706.
17. Young RE, Vecchione M (2003). "Grimpoteuthis bathynectes". Tree of Life Web Project (tolweb.org). TOL ID 20118. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
18. Collins M, Vecchione M, Young RE (2003). "Grimpoteuthis boylei". Tree of Life Web Project (tolweb.org). TOL ID 20119. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
19. Collins M, Vecchione M, Young RE (2003). "Grimpoteuthis challengeri". Tree of Life Web Project (tolweb.org). TOL ID 20120. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
20. Collins M, Vecchione M, Young RE (2003). "Grimpoteuthis discoveryi". Tree of Life Web Project (tolweb.org). TOL ID 20121. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
21. Young RE, Vecchione M (2003). "Grimpoteuthis hippocrepium". Tree of Life Web Project (tolweb.org). TOL ID 20122. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
22. Ziegler A, Sagorny C (23 April 2021). "Holistic description of new deep sea megafauna (Cephalopoda: Cirrata) using a minimally invasive approach". BMC Biology. 19 (1): 81. doi:10.1186/s12915-021-01000-9. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 8063452. PMID 33888110.
23. O'Shea S, Young RE, Vecchione M (2003). "Grimpoteuthis innominata". Tree of Life Web Project (tolweb.org). TOL ID 20123. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
24. Young RE, Vecchione M (2003). "Grimpoteuthis meangensis". Tree of Life Web Project (tolweb.org). TOL ID 20124. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
25. Young RE, Vecchione M (2003). "Grimpoteuthis megaptera". Tree of Life Web Project (tolweb.org). TOL ID 20125. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
26. Young RE, Vecchione M (2003). "Grimpoteuthis pacifica". Tree of Life Web Project (tolweb.org). TOL ID 20126. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
27. Young RE, Vecchione M (2003). "Grimpoteuthis plena". Tree of Life Web Project (tolweb.org). TOL ID 20127. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
28. Young RE, Vecchione M (2003). "Grimpoteuthis tuftsi". Tree of Life Web Project (tolweb.org). TOL ID 20128. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
29. Collins M, Vecchione M, Young RE (2003). "Grimpoteuthis umbellata". Tree of Life Web Project (tolweb.org). Retrieved 28 February 2020.
30. Grimpe G (1920). "Teuthologische Mitteilungen v. Zwei neue Cirraten-Arten" [Teuthological communications [on] two new cirrate species]. Zoologischer Anzeiger (in German). 51: 230–243 – via biodiversitylibrary.org.
31. Collins M, Vecchione M, Young RE (2003). "Grimpoteuthis wuelkeri". Tree of Life Web Project (tolweb.org). TOL ID 20130. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
32. Villanueva R, Segonzac M, Guerra A (July 1997). "Locomotion modes of deep-sea cirrate octopods (Cephalopoda) based on observations from video recordings on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge". Marine Biology. 129 (1): 113–122. doi:10.1007/s002270050152. S2CID 85848021.
33. Ziegler A, Miller A, Nagelmann N (2021). "Novel insights into early life stages of finned octopods (Octopoda: Cirrata)". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 140. doi:10.1186/s13358-021-00240-0. S2CID 245330726.
34. Shea EK, Ziegler A, Faber C, Shank TM (February 2018). "Dumbo octopod hatchling provides insight into early cirrate life cycle". Current Biology. 28 (4): R144 – R145. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.032. PMID 29462576.
35. Hadjisolomou SP (March 2017). "SpotMetrics: An open-source image-analysis software plugin for automatic chromatophore detection and measurement". Frontiers in Physiology. 8: 106. doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00106. PMC 5331055. PMID 28298896.

External links

• Dumbo octopus. bbc.co.uk (video). BBC Nature.