Granite Mountains (northern San Bernardino County, California)

The Granite Mountains is an overall, east-west trending mountain range in the Mojave Desert and northern San Bernardino County, California. It lies within Fort Irwin National Training Center, about 10 mi (16 km) north of Fort Irwin.[1]

Satellite view of San Bernardino County, California, showing the location of three mountain ranges named Granite Mountains.

This mountain range is south of Death Valley National Park, south of the Quail Mountains, and west of the Avawatz Mountains. It is named in the southern portion of the following USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle maps: West of Leach Spring, Leach Spring, and Leach Lake; and the northern portion of West of Drinkwater Lake and Drinkwater Lake. The mountain range extends slightly into the northern edge of West of Nelson Lake and Nelson Lake 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle maps.

Geography

The Granite Mountains is a concave southward, bow-shaped", range which stretches 26.2 mi (42.2 km) east-southeast from a point at latitude and longitude, 35°29′5.86″N 116°57′51.54″W / 35.4849611°N 116.9643167°W / 35.4849611; -116.9643167 to Granite Pass at 35°25′31.04″N 116°33′5.26″W / 35.4252889°N 116.5514611°W / 35.4252889; -116.5514611. The hills east-southeast of Granite Pass, their highest elevation 4,524 ft (1,379 m), extending another 5.6 mi (9.0 km) to 35°24′59.56″N 116°28′5.33″W / 35.4165444°N 116.4681472°W / 35.4165444; -116.4681472 are not named on the USGS topographic maps, and are not included in the points given for these mountains in the Geographic Names Information System.[1] However, these hills are included as part of this range on page 58 of an official US Army Corps of Engineers report[2] and in maps published online by San Bernardino County.[3]

The highest peak in the Granite Mountains is an unnamed peak at 35°27′5.27″N 116°35′45.38″W / 35.4514639°N 116.5959389°W / 35.4514639; -116.5959389 in the Drinkwater Lake 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle.[4] This peak has a summit elevation of 5,299 ft (1,615 m) above sea level.[5] A road and power line go to the top, where there are several structures and two radio facilities.[6] Microwave antennas and video cameras there are used to monitor military training exercises in the valley to the south and live-fire exercises conducted north of the range.[2][7]

Geology

According the geologic mapping of Jennings and others,[8][9] the Granite Mountains are almost entirely underlain by undifferentiated Mesozoic granitic rocks. Only at the very west and southwestern parts of its mountains and hills are mapped as Cenozoic basalts and basaltic pyroclastic rocks. In their subsequent geologic map, Miller and others,[10] identified the granitic rocks of Jennings and others as felsic plutonic rocks that weather to grus and Jennings and others' basaltic rocks as either mafic volcanic rocks or felsic volcanic rocks. In their text, Miller and others also refer to the presence of ...diverse metavolcanic rocks probably of Jurassic age... in the eastern Granite Mountains although metamorphic rocks are not mapped by them anywhere in the Granite Mountains.[10]

The Granite Mountains fault zone runs through most of the range. It consists of three main segments that are about 43.5 mi (70.0 km) in total length.[11][12] It is shown in pink in the figure in the Faults of Southern California Mojave Region.[13]

Botany

Plants documented in the Granite Mountains include Psorothamnus arborescens var. arborescens (Mojave indigo-bush),[2] Cylindropuntia echinocarpa (silver cholla), many cacti, Yucca schidigera (Spanish bayonet), and species of Brickellia, Ericameria, Ephedra, and Encelia.[14] Surveys at springs reported Amaranthus fimbriatus (fringed amaranth), Ambrosia dumosa (white bursage), Amsinckia tessellata (bristly fiddleneck), Atriplex canescens (four-wing saltbush), Bromus madritensis (compact brome), Coleogyne ramosissima (blackbrush), Cucurbita palmata (coyote melon), Descurainia pinnata (western tansymustard), Distichlis spicata (saltgrass), Encelia farinosa (brittlebush), Ephedra nevadensis (Mormon tea), Ericameria cooperi (Coopers's goldenbush), Eriogonum fasciculatum (California buckwheat), Eriogonum panamintense (Panamint Mountain buckwheat), Gutierrezia microcephala (threadleaf snakeweed), Larrea tridentata (creosote bush), Lycium andersonii (water-jacket), Nicotiana obtusifolia (desert tobacco), Phacelia crenulata (notch-leaf scorpion-weed), Polypogon monspeliensis (annual beard-grass), Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood), Prunus fasciculata (wild almond), Purshia tridentata (bitterbrush), Salazaria mexicana (bladder sage ), Salix gooddingii (Goodding's willow), and Typha latifolia (cattail).[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Granite Mountains". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2024-09-27.
  2. ^ a b c Krzysik, A.J., 1994. Biodiversity and the Threatened/Endangered/Sensitive Species of Fort Irwin, CA. US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, Champaign, Illinois, Report Number EN-94/07. 114 pp.
  3. ^ Anonymous, 2024. San Bernardino County, Zoning and Overlay Maps, Land Use services, San Bernardino County, California. scale 1 in. = 4 miles.
  4. ^ United States Geological Survey, 2015. Drinkwater Lake Quadrangle California-San Bernardino CO. 7.5 Minute Series (Topographic), scale 1:24000
  5. ^ United States Geological Survey, 1951. Tiefort Mountains Quadrangle California-San Bernardino CO. 15 Minute Series (Topographic), scale 1:625000
  6. ^ Topographische Karten aus OpenStreetMap, Erlangen-Nuremberg , Germany, Friedrich-Alexander-University.
  7. ^ Chapman, A.W., 1992. The Origins and Development of the National Training Center, 1976-1984. TRADOC Historical Monograph Series. Fort Monroe, Virginia, Office of the Command Historian United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. 166 pp.
  8. ^ Jennings, C.W., Burnett, J.L., and Troxel, B.W., 1962. Geologic map of California: Trona sheet, California. Division of Mines and Geology, Geologic Atlas of California. GAM-23. scale 1:250000.
  9. ^ Jennings, C.W., Burnett, J.L., and Troxel, B.W., 1986. Geologic map of California: Trona sheet, California. Division of Mines and Geology, Geologic Atlas of California. GAM-23. scale 1:250000.
  10. ^ a b Miller, D.M., Menges, C.M., Lidke, D.J. and Buesch, D.C., 2014. Generalized Surficial Geologic Map of the FortIrwin Area, San Bernardino County, California. Geology and Geophysics Applied to Groundwater Hydrology at Fort Irwin, California. US Geological Survey Open-File Report, OF-2013-1024-B, 11 pp., 1 sheet.
  11. ^ Southern California Seismic Network, 2024. Granite Mountains Fault Zone, Southern California Earthquake Data Center, Caltech/USGS Southern California Seismic Network. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Retrieved September 29, 2024.
  12. ^ Jennings, C.W., 1994. Fault Activity Map of California and Adjacent Areas with Location and Ages of Recent Volcanic Eruptions. California Geologic Data Map Series, Map No. 6. California Division of Mines and Geology.
  13. ^ Southern California Seismic Network, 2024. Faults of Southern California Mojave Region, Southern California Earthquake Data Center, Caltech/USGS Southern California Seismic Network. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Retrieved September 29, 2024.
  14. ^ Fort Irwin Natural and Cultural Resources Section, Environmental Division, Directorate of Public Works, 2005. Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment 2006-2011. National Training Center and Fort Irwin. National Training Center (NTC) & Fort Irwin, California. 263 pp.
  15. ^ Densmore, J.N., Thayer, D.C., Dick, M.C., Swarzenski, P.W., Ball, L.B., Rosecrans, C.Z., and Johnson, C., 2024. Evaluation of the characteristics, discharge, and water quality of selected springs at Fort Irwin National Training Center, San Bernardino County, California. US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, 2023-5142. 87 pp.

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