Gene density

In genetics, the gene density of an organism's genome is the ratio of the number of genes per number of base pairs, usually written in terms of a million base pairs, or megabase (Mb). The human genome has a gene density of 11-15 genes/Mb, while the genome of the C. elegans roundworm is estimated to have 200.[1]

Seemingly simple organisms, such as bacteria and amoebas, have a much higher gene density than humans. Bacterial DNA has a gene density on the order of 500-1000 genes/Mb. This is due several factors, including that the fact that bacterial DNA has no introns. There are also fewer codons in bacterial genes.[2]

Species

Protozoa

species number of genes base pairs in genome (Mb) gene density
Babesia microti 3,685[3] 6.4[4] 575.8
Besnoitia besnoiti 8,546[5] 58.8[6] 145.3
Cryptosporidium parvum 3,887[7] 9.1[8] 427.1
Giardia intestinalis 5,388[9] 11.5[10] 468.5
Leishmania donovani 8,123[11] 32.4[12] 250.7
Plasmodium falciparum 5,683[13] 23.5[14] 241.8
Phytophthora infestans 19,344[15] 203.2[16] 95.2
Tetrahymena thermophila 26,996[17] 130.4[18] 207
Theileria parva 4,141[19] 8.3[20] 498.9
Toxoplasma gondii 8,925[21] 64.5[22] 138.4
Trypanosoma cruzi 25,183[23] 32.5[24] 774.9

Fungi

species number of genes base pairs in genome (Mb) gene density
Agaricus bisporus 11,459[25] 30.7[26] 373.3
Aspergillus nidulans 9,586[27] 30.6[28] 313.3
Aspergillus niger 10,828[29] 35.6[30] 304.2
Candida albicans 6,263[31] 14.7[32] 426.1
Cryptococcus neoformans 7,004[33] 18.6[34] 376.5
Debaryomyces hansenii 6,495[35] 12.1[36] 536.8
Encephalitozoon cuniculi 2,029[37] 2.3[38] 882.2
Eremothecium gossypii 5,356[39] 9.1[40] 588.6
Fusarium oxysporum 21,354[41] 52.4[42] 407.5
Kluyveromyces lactis 5,335[43] 10.6[44] 503.3
Lasiodiplodia theobromae 13,054[45] 43.6[46] 299.4
Neurospora crassa 10,590[47] 41.3[48] 256.4
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 6,445[49] 11.9[50] 541.6
Saccharomyces paradoxus 5,840[51] 12[52] 486.6
Schizosaccharomyces pombe 6,974[53] 12.8[54] 544.8
Talaromyces marneffei 10,138[55] 28.3[56] 358.2
Tremella mesenterica 8,292[57] 27.9[58] 297.2
Trichoderma harzianum 14,294[59] 40.7[60] 351.2
Trichophyton rubrum 8,804[61] 23.1[62] 381.1
Ustilago maydis 6,909[63] 19.9[64] 347.2
Wallemia ichthyophaga 5,000[65] 9.5[66] 526.3
Yarrowia lipolytica 7,144[67] 20.3[68] 351.9

Plants

species common name number of genes base pairs in genome (Mb) gene density
Ananas comosus pineapple 25,758 382[69] 67.4
Arabidopsis thaliana thale cress 38,311[70] 119[71] 321.9
Asparagus officinalis asparagus 32,237[72] 1,187[73] 27.2
Brassica rapa field mustard 51,592[74] 333[75] 154.9
Cannabis sativa cannabis 31,170[76] 876[77] 35.6
Cajanus cajan pigeon pea 33,495[78] 593[79] 56.5
Capsicum annuum pepper 41,729[80] 2,909[81] 14.3
Coffea arabica coffee 56,902[82] 1,094[83] 52
Glycine max soybean 59,905[84] 995.7[85] 60.2
Juglans regia English walnut 37,996[86] 634.7[87] 59.9
Nicotiana tabacum tobacco 74,273[88] 3,734.2[89] 19.9
Olea europaea olive 47,911[90] 1,316.7[91] 36.4
Oryza sativa rice 35,223[92] 385[93] 91.5
Panicum hallii grass 31,528[94] 511.6[95] 61.6
Physcomitrium patens spreading earthmoss 23,747[96] 472[97] 50.3
Prunus dulcis almond 26,936[98] 236.9[99] 113.7
Prunus persica peach 26,412[100] 214.2[101] 123.3
Punica granatum pomegrante 29,281[102] 308.4[103] 94.9
Rosa chinensis rose 40,349[104] 513.9[105] 78.5
Solanum lycopersicum tomato 31,263[106] 813[107] 38.5
Solanum tuberosum potato 33,606[108] 760[109] 44.2
Theobroma cacao cocoa 24,957[110] 335[111] 74.5
Zea mays corn 49,796[112] 2,197[113] 22.7

Invertebrate

invertebrate species
species common name number of genes base pairs in genome (Mb) gene density
Aedes aegypti yellow fever mosquito 19,623[114] 1,274[115] 15.4
Anopheles gambiae African malaria mosquito 13,247[116] 250[117] 53
Apis mellifera honey bee 12,374[118] 226[119] 54.8
Caenorhabditis elegans C. elegans 47,632[120] 102[121] 467
Daphnia magna water flea 21,549[122] 126[123] 171
Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly 17,868[124] 137[125] 130.4
Hydra vulgaris hydra 22,980[126] 1,055[127] 21.8
Limulus polyphemus horseshoe crab 27,318[128] 1,828[129] 14.9
Octopus sinensis octopus 29,784[130] 2,719[131] 11
Pediculus humanus human louse 10,993[132] 110[133] 99.9
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus purple sea urchin 33,504[134] 921[135] 36.4

Vertebrate non-mammals

species common name number of genes base pairs in genome (Mb) gene density
Alligator mississippiensis American alligator 25,279[136] 2,161[137] 11.7
Anolis carolinensis anole lizard 22,293[138] 1,799[139] 12.4
Astyanax mexicanus Mexican tetra 31,695[140] 1,263[141] 25.1
Columba livia pigeon 26,679[142] 1,063[143] 25.1
Danio rerio zebrafish 47,350[144] 1,408[145] 33.6
Gallus gallus chicken 24,402[146] 1,043[147] 23.4
Nothobranchius furzeri turquoise killifish 25,387[148] 1,052[149] 24.1
Oryzias latipes Japanese rice fish 26,846[150] 746[151] 36
Petromyzon marinus sea lamprey 22,167[152] 987[153] 22.5
Taeniopygia guttata zebra finch 21,543[154] 1,069[155] 20.2
Takifugu rubripes Japanese puffer 27,413[156] 384[157] 71.8
Xenopus tropicalis tropical clawed frog 28,863[158] 1,468[159] 19.7
Xenopus laevis African clawed frog 37,283[160] 2,718[161] 13.7

Vertebrate mammals

species common name number of genes base pairs in genome (Mb) gene density
Acinonyx jubatus cheetah 34,482[162] 2,378[163] 14.5
Ailuropoda melanoleuca giant panda 32,950[164] 2,371[165] 13.9
Aotus nancymaae night monkey 31,331[166] 2,861[167] 11
Artibeus jamaicensis Jamaican fruit-eating bat 31,480[168] 2,316[169] 13.6
Arvicanthis niloticus African grass rat 31,912[170] 2,496[171] 12.8
Balaenoptera acutorostrata minke whale 26,805[172] 2,431[173] 11
Balaenoptera musculus blue whale 27,194[174] 2,105[175] 12.9
Bison bison American bison 27,488[176] 2,828[177] 9.7
Bos mutus wild yak 26,159[178] 2,703[179] 9.7
Bos taurus cattle 35,061[180] 2,715[181] 12.9
Canis lupus familiaris dog 36,717[182] 2,370[183] 15.5
Chinchilla lanigera long-tailed chinchilla 30,378[184] 2,390[185] 12.7
Felis catus cat 35,521[186] 2,521[187] 14
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 35,419[188] 3,063[189] 11.6
Homo sapiens human 44,507[190] 2,861[191] 15.5
Macaca mulatta Rhesus monkey 40,164[192] 2,970[193] 13.5
Mus musculus house mouse 42,823[194] 2,689[195] 15.9
Pan troglodytes chimpanzee 40,769[196] 3,050[197] 13.4
Rattus norvegicus brown rat 38,371[198] 2,743[199] 14
Sus scrofa pig 30,345[200] 2,459[201] 12.3

Gene count is calculated by the number of gene flags in the latest version of a given species gtf annotation file. Bear in mind that well studied organisms will probably have higher gene counts because these species have better annotation, therefore these numbers are estimates for comparison.

See also

References

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  81. ^ "Capsicum annuum (ID 10896) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  82. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Coffea_arabica/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003713225.1_Cara_1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  83. ^ "Coffea arabica (ID 77) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  84. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Glycine_max/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000004515.5_Glycine_max_v2.1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
  85. ^ "Glycine max (ID 5) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
  86. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Juglans_regia/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001411555.2_Walnut_2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
  87. ^ "Juglans regia (ID 17683) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
  88. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Nicotiana_tabacum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000715135.1_Ntab-TN90". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  89. ^ "Nicotiana tabacum (ID 425) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  90. ^ "Olea europaea (ID 10724) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
  91. ^ "Olea europaea (ID 10724) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  92. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Oryza_sativa/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001433935.1_IRGSP-1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  93. ^ "Oryza sativa (ID 10) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  94. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Panicum_hallii/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002211085.1_PHallii_v3.1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  95. ^ "Panicum hallii (ID 12791) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  96. ^ "Physcomitrium patens (ID 383) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  97. ^ "Physcomitrium patens (ID 383) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  98. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Prunus_dulcis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_902201215.1_ALMONDv2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  99. ^ "Prunus dulcis (ID 10947) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  100. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Prunus_persica/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000346465.2_Prunus_persica_NCBIv2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  101. ^ "Prunus persica (ID 388) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  102. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Punica_granatum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_007655135.1_ASM765513v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  103. ^ "Punica granatum (ID 13946) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  104. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Rosa_chinensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002994745.1_RchiOBHm-V2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  105. ^ "Rosa chinensis (ID 11715) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  106. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Solanum_lycopersicum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000188115.4_SL3.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  107. ^ "Solanum lycopersicum (ID 7) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  108. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Solanum_tuberosum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000226075.1_SolTub_3.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  109. ^ "Solanum tuberosum (ID 400) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  110. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Theobroma_cacao/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000208745.1_Criollo_cocoa_genome_V2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  111. ^ "Theobroma cacao (ID 572) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  112. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Zea_mays/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_902167145.1_Zm-B73-REFERENCE-NAM-5.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  113. ^ "Zea mays (ID 12) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  114. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Aedes_aegypti/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002204515.2_AaegL5.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  115. ^ "Aedes aegypti (ID 44) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  116. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Anopheles_gambiae/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000005575.2_AgamP3". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  117. ^ "Anopheles gambiae (ID 46) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  118. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Apis_mellifera/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003254395.2_Amel_HAv3.1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  119. ^ "Apis mellifera (ID 48) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  120. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Caenorhabditis_elegans/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002985.6_WBcel235". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  121. ^ "Caenorhabditis elegans (ID 41) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  122. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Daphnia_magna/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003990815.1_ASM399081v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  123. ^ "Daphnia magna (ID 10953) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  124. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Drosophila_melanogaster/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001215.4_Release_6_plus_ISO1_MT". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  125. ^ "Drosophila melanogaster (ID 47) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  126. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Hydra_vulgaris/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000004095.1_Hydra_RP_1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  127. ^ "Hydra vulgaris (ID 12836) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  128. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Limulus_polyphemus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000517525.1_Limulus_polyphemus-2.1.2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  129. ^ "Limulus polyphemus (ID 787) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  130. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Octopus_sinensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_006345805.1_ASM634580v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  131. ^ "Octopus sinensis (ID 84214) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  132. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Pediculus_humanus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000006295.1_JCVI_LOUSE_1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  133. ^ "Pediculus humanus (ID 522) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  134. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002235.5_Spur_5.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  135. ^ "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (ID 86) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  136. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Alligator_mississippiensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000281125.3_ASM28112v4". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  137. ^ "Alligator mississippiensis (ID 13409) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  138. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Anolis_carolinensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000090745.1_AnoCar2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  139. ^ "Anolis carolinensis (ID 708) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  140. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Astyanax_mexicanus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000372685.2_Astyanax_mexicanus-2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  141. ^ "Astyanax mexicanus (ID 13073) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  142. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Columba_livia/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000337935.1_Cliv_1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  143. ^ "Columba livia (ID 10719) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  144. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Danio_rerio/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002035.6_GRCz11". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  145. ^ "Danio rerio (ID 50) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  146. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Gallus_gallus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002315.6_GRCg6a". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  147. ^ "Gallus gallus (ID 111) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  148. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Nothobranchius_furzeri/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001465895.1_Nfu_20140520". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  149. ^ "Nothobranchius furzeri (ID 2642) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  150. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Oryzias_latipes/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002234675.1_ASM223467v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  151. ^ "Oryzias latipes (ID 542) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  152. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Petromyzon_marinus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_010993605.1_kPetMar1.pri". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  153. ^ "Petromyzon marinus (ID 287) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  154. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Taeniopygia_guttata/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_008822105.2_bTaeGut2.pat.W.v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  155. ^ "Taeniopygia guttata (ID 367) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  156. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Takifugu_rubripes/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_901000725.2_fTakRub1.2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  157. ^ "Takifugu rubripes (ID 63) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  158. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Xenopus_tropicalis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000004195.4_UCB_Xtro_10.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  159. ^ "Xenopus tropicalis (ID 80) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  160. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Xenopus_laevis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001663975.1_Xenopus_laevis_v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  161. ^ "Xenopus laevis (ID 81) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  162. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Acinonyx_jubatus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003709585.1_Aci_jub_2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  163. ^ "Acinonyx jubatus (ID 14623) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  164. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Ailuropoda_melanoleuca/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002007445.1_ASM200744v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  165. ^ "Ailuropoda melanoleuca (ID 2702) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  166. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Aotus_nancymaae/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000952055.2_Anan_2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  167. ^ "Aotus nancymaae (ID 14430) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  168. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Artibeus_jamaicensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_014825515.1_WHU_Ajam_v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  169. ^ "Artibeus jamaicensis (ID 12026) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  170. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Arvicanthis_niloticus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_011762505.1_mArvNil1.pat.X". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  171. ^ "Arvicanthis niloticus (ID 88356) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  172. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Balaenoptera_acutorostrata/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000493695.1_BalAcu1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  173. ^ "Balaenoptera acutorostrata (ID 10769) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  174. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Balaenoptera_musculus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_009873245.2_mBalMus1.pri.v3". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  175. ^ "Balaenoptera musculus (ID 7017) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  176. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Bison_bison/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000754665.1_Bison_UMD1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  177. ^ "Bison bison (ID 8907) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  178. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Bos_mutus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000298355.1_BosGru_v2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  179. ^ "Bos mutus (ID 23015) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  180. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Bos_taurus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002263795.1_ARS-UCD1.2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  181. ^ "Bos taurus (ID 82) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  182. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Canis_lupus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002285.3_CanFam3.1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  183. ^ "Canis lupus familiaris (ID 85) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  184. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Chinchilla_lanigera/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000276665.1_ChiLan1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  185. ^ "Chinchilla lanigera (ID 10466) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  186. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Felis_catus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000181335.3_Felis_catus_9.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  187. ^ "Felis catus (ID 78) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  188. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Gorilla_gorilla/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_008122165.1_Kamilah_GGO_v0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  189. ^ "Gorilla gorilla (ID 2156) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  190. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Homo_sapiens/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001405.39_GRCh38.p13". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  191. ^ "Homo sapiens (ID 51) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  192. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Macaca_mulatta/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003339765.1_Mmul_10". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  193. ^ "Macaca mulatta (ID 215) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  194. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Mus_musculus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001635.27_GRCm39". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  195. ^ "Mus musculus (ID 52) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  196. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Pan_troglodytes/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002880755.1_Clint_PTRv2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  197. ^ "Pan troglodytes (ID 202) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  198. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Rattus_norvegicus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001895.5_Rnor_6.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  199. ^ "Rattus norvegicus (ID 73) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  200. ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Sus_scrofa/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000003025.6_Sscrofa11.1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  201. ^ "Sus scrofa (ID 84) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

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