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Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Criteria	Cultural: iv
Reference	451
Inscription	1988 (12th Session)

Galle

ගාල්ල
காலி
Galle ගාල්ල; காலி
City
	City of Galle
	Aerial view of Galle Fort Galle International Stadium Galle railway station Unawatuna beach Peace Pagoda in Galle Maritime Museum of Galle Rumassala
	Galle
	Coordinates: 06°01′58″N 80°12′56″E / 6.03278°N 80.21556°E
Country	Sri Lanka
Province	Southern Province
Government
• Type	Galle Municipal Council
• Mayor	Priyantha G. Sahabandu
• Headquarters	Galle Town Hall
Area
• Total	16.52 km2 (6.38 sq mi)
Elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Population (2020)
• Total	93,118
• Density	5,712/km2 (14,790/sq mi)
Demonym	Galleans
Time zone	UTC+5:30 (Sri Lanka Standard Time Zone)
Area code	091
Website	galle.mc.gov.lk

Galle (Sinhala: ගාල්ල, romanized: Gālla; Tamil: காலி, romanized: Kāli) (formerly French: Point de Galle) is a major city in Sri Lanka, situated on the southwestern tip, 119 km (74 mi) from Colombo. Galle is the provincial capital and largest city of Southern Province, Sri Lanka and is the capital of Galle District.

Galle was known as Gimhathiththa^[1] before the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century, when it was the main port on the island. Ibn Batuta, a Moroccan Berber Muslim traveller in the 14th century, referred to it as Qali.^[2] Galle reached the height of its development in the 18th century, during the Dutch colonial period. Galle is the best example of a fortified city built by the Portuguese in South and Southeast Asia, showing the interaction between Portuguese architectural styles and native traditions. The city was extensively fortified by the Dutch during the 17th century from 1649 onwards. The Galle fort is a World Heritage Site and is the largest remaining fortress in Asia built by European occupiers.

Other prominent landmarks in Galle include the city's natural harbour, the National Maritime Museum, St. Mary's Cathedral founded by Jesuit priests, one of the main Shiva temples on the island, and Amangalla, the historic luxury hotel. On 26 December 2004, the city was devastated by the massive tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which occurred off the coast of Indonesia a thousand miles away. Thousands were killed in the city alone. Galle is home to the Galle International Stadium, which is considered to be one of the most picturesque cricket grounds in the world.^[3] The ground, which was severely damaged by the tsunami, was rebuilt and test matches resumed there on 18 December 2007.

Important natural geographical features in Galle include Rumassala in Unawatuna, a large mound-like hill that forms the eastern protective barrier to Galle Harbour. Local tradition associates this hill with some events of Ramayana, one of the great Hindu epics. The major river in the area is the Gin Ganga, which begins from Gongala Kanda, passes villages such as Neluwa, Nagoda, Baddegama, Thelikada and Wakwella, and reaches the sea at Gintota. The river is bridged at Wakwella by the Wakwella Bridge.

Etymology

Galle was known as Gimhathitha in ancient times. The term is believed to be derived from the classical Sinhalese term meaning "port near the River Gin". It is believed that the town got its name as Gaalla in the native tongue as a result of the large number of bullock carts that took shelter in the area, following the long slow journeys from remote areas of the island. Gaala in Sinhala means the place where cattle are herded together; hence the Sinhalese name for Galle, ගාල්ල, is a development from Gaala.^[4]^[5] Another theory is that the word Galle is derived from the Latin word gallus or the Portuguese word galo, which mean 'rooster'.^{[citation needed]} The Dutch used the rooster as a symbol of Galle.

History

According to James Emerson Tennent (Colonial Secretary of Ceylon) Galle was the ancient seaport of Tarshish,^[6] from which King Solomon drew ivory, peacocks and other valuables. Cinnamon was exported from Sri Lanka as early as 1400 BC, and as the root of the word itself is Hebrew, Galle may have been a main entrepôt for the spice.^[7]

Ancient Greek and Roman geographers may have known about Galle, which they might have called the Cape of Birds. Ptolemy might also have known about the port which he referred to as Odoka. Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta visited Galle (or Qali as he called it) in 1342. During the 12th and 13th centuries, Sinhalese refugees fleeing Tamil armies from the north began to settle in Galle and other nearby areas.^[8]

Galle had been a prominent seaport long before western rule in the country: Persians, Arabs, Greeks, Romans, Malays, Indians, and Chinese were doing business through Galle's port. In 1411, the Galle Trilingual Inscription, a stone tablet inscription in three languages, Chinese, Tamil and Persian, was erected in Galle to commemorate the second visit to Ceylon by the Chinese admiral Zheng He. In 1502, a small fleet of Portuguese ships, under the command of Lourenço de Almeida on their way to the Maldives, were blown off course by a storm. Realising that the King resided in Kotte close to Colombo, Lourenço proceeded there after a brief stop in Galle.

In 1640, the Portuguese were forced to surrender to the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch built the present fort in 1663. They built a fortified solid granite wall and three bastions, known as "Sun", "Moon" and "Star".

After the British took over the country from the Dutch in 1796, they preserved the fort unchanged and used it as the administrative centre of the district.

Climate

Galle features a tropical rainforest climate. The city has no true dry season, though it is noticeably drier in the months of January and February. As is commonplace with many cities with this type of climate, temperatures show little variation throughout the course of the year, with average temperatures hovering at around 26 °C (79 °F) throughout.

Climate data for Galle (1991–2020 normals)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	34.9 (94.8)	34.6 (94.3)	36.4 (97.5)	35.5 (95.9)	35.3 (95.5)	32.6 (90.7)	31.5 (88.7)	31.3 (88.3)	31.2 (88.2)	33.2 (91.8)	33.8 (92.8)	33.5 (92.3)	36.4 (97.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	29.9 (85.8)	30.7 (87.3)	31.6 (88.9)	31.4 (88.5)	30.4 (86.7)	29.4 (84.9)	29.0 (84.2)	29.0 (84.2)	29.2 (84.6)	29.4 (84.9)	29.9 (85.8)	29.9 (85.8)	30.0 (86.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)	26.7 (80.1)	27.2 (81.0)	28.1 (82.6)	28.4 (83.1)	28.2 (82.8)	27.5 (81.5)	27.1 (80.8)	27.2 (81.0)	27.2 (81.0)	27.1 (80.8)	27.1 (80.8)	26.8 (80.2)	27.4 (81.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	23.4 (74.1)	23.7 (74.7)	24.6 (76.3)	25.3 (77.5)	26.0 (78.8)	25.7 (78.3)	25.4 (77.7)	25.4 (77.7)	25.2 (77.4)	24.8 (76.6)	24.2 (75.6)	23.7 (74.7)	24.8 (76.6)
Record low °C (°F)	18.7 (65.7)	19.4 (66.9)	17.1 (62.8)	18.2 (64.8)	17.1 (62.8)	20.7 (69.3)	20.9 (69.6)	20.9 (69.6)	20.4 (68.7)	20.7 (69.3)	18.1 (64.6)	18.9 (66.0)	17.1 (62.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	86.8 (3.42)	71.1 (2.80)	89.9 (3.54)	201.9 (7.95)	315.9 (12.44)	184.0 (7.24)	172.6 (6.80)	161.9 (6.37)	260.9 (10.27)	344.5 (13.56)	282.6 (11.13)	175.9 (6.93)	2,348 (92.44)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	6.6	5.8	6.9	11.8	17.2	16.6	15.1	14.2	17.1	18.2	14.9	11.2	155.7
Source 1: NOAA^[9]
Source 2: Department of Meteorology (records up to 2007)^[10]

Cityscape

Wards

Galle has twenty wards:^[11]

Gintota
Dadalla
Bope
Kumbalwella
Madawalamulla
Deddugoda
Maitipe
Dangedara
Bataganvila
Sangamiththapura
Galwadugoda
Kandew
Galle Town
Weliwaththa
Thalapitiya
Makuluwa
Milidduwa
Magalle
Katugoda
Imaduwa

Governance

The Galle Municipal Council governs the City of Galle, established under the Municipalities Ordinance of 1865. It was at the time, only the third municipal council in the country. The first mayor of the city, Wijeyananda Dahanayake, was appointed in 1939; he later became the fifth Prime Minister of Ceylon.

The last appointed mayor was Methsiri De Silva, who served from 2009 to 2016. The mayoral system has been dissolved the Galle administration, with the city presently administered by a commissioner. The main vision of the city is "Building of moderate city through the supply of relatively increased utility services to the citizens who pay taxes to the Galle Municipal Council". The other vision is to brand Galle as "Green City-Green Galle" to create and promote Galle as one of Sri Lanka's cool and healthy coastal cities with a clean green canopy.^[12]

Demographics

Galle is a sizeable city by Sri Lankan standards, and has a population of 101,749, the majority of whom are of Sinhalese ethnicity, with a large population of Sri Lankan Moor (Muslims), particularly in the fort area, who descend from Arab merchants that settled in the ancient port of Galle and married Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamil women. Galle is also notable for its foreign population, both residents and owners of holiday homes.

Ethnicity in Galle (2012)
Population			Percent
Sinhalese			65.69%
Muslims			32.30%
Tamils			0.71%
Others			1.3%

Government Statistics.lk

Education

Schools

Galle is home to some of the oldest leading schools in Sri Lanka, with twenty-nine government schools and five international schools constituting the city's educational system. Some of the schools located in Galle city are listed below.

School	Date of establishment
All Saints College	1867
Anula Devi Balika Vidyalaya	1941
British College Sri Lanka	1900
Buona Vista College	1888
Ceylinco Sussex College	1997
Galle International College	2011
Kingston International School	1900
Leeds International School	2007
Mahinda College	1892
Malharus Sulhiya National College	1918
Muslim Ladies College	2001
Olcott Maha Vidyalaya Galle	1937
Richmond College	1876
Rippon Girls' College	1817
Sacred Heart Convent	1896
St. Aloysius' College	1895
Sanghamitta Girls College	1919
Siridhamma College	1995
Sudharma College	1895
Southlands College Galle	1885
Thomas Gall International School	2006
Vidyaloka College	1941
Janadhipathi Balika Vidyalaya	2007

Universities

Three main faculties of the University of Ruhuna are located in Galle. The Faculty of Engineering is located at Hapugala, about 6 km from the city center. The Faculty of Medicine is located at Karapitiya near the Karapitiya Teaching Hospital. The Faculty of Allied Health Sciences of the University of Ruhuna is located in Uluwitike, in the city limits. A study centre of the Open University of Sri Lanka is also located in Galle, at Labuduwa junction.

Faculty of Engineering, University of Ruhuna
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ruhuna
Study Centre, Open University of Sri Lanka

Higher education institutes

The Advanced Technological Institute in Labuduwa, Galle was started in 2000, and it planned to offer Higher National Diploma in Information Technology and Higher National Diploma in Agriculture Technology – HNDT (Agri). Since then, Labuduwa ATI has been a pioneer in technological education in Sri Lanka. The National Institute of Business Management in Galle was established in 2010 to provide higher education opportunities in the fields of information technology and business management. The Ruhunu National College of Education, operated under the auspices of the Ministry of Education, trains teachers training for government schools in Kurunduwatta, Galle. Additionally, the Amarasuriya Teachers' Training College for government school teachers is in Unawatuna, Galle.

Advanced Technological Institute (ATI)
National Institute of Business Management (NIBM)
Ruhunu National College of Education
Amarasuriya Teachers' Training College
Mercantile Seamen Training Institute (MSTI)

Transport

Galle is served by Sri Lanka Railways' Coastal Line and is connected by rail to Colombo and Matara. Galle Railway Station is a major station on the line and serves as the meeting point of the west- and south-coast segments of the line.^[13] The A2 highway, which is commonly known as the Galle Road, runs through the city and connects Galle to Colombo by the west-coast portion, and to Hambanthota by the south-coast portion. The Southern Expressway, Sri Lanka's first E Class highway, links the Sri Lankan capital Colombo with Galle and currently reduces the time spent for travel to one hour from the three hours taken by the regular A2 highway.

Twin towns – sister cities

Galle is twinned with:^[14]

Velsen, Netherlands

Notable people

see Category:People from Galle

References

^ Terraroli, Valerio, ed. (2002). Archaeological Sites and Urban Centres: Treasury of world culture (Volume 1 of World Heritage Series) (1st ed.). Skira Editore/UNESCO. ISBN 978-88-8491-393-7.
^ "Medieval Traveller Ibn Battuta was a Guest of the Jaffna King in 1344". Ilankai Tamil Sangam. 2006. Archived from the original on 2016-12-28. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
^ "Pitching it Up: The Galle International Stadium". World Cricket Watch. 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-09-28.
^ "VOC Galle Dutch Fort, South Coast, Sri Lanka (A World Heritage Site)". My Sri Lanka Holidays. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
^ Lanka Nest (9 March 2008). "Galle and Galle Fort". Discover Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
^ Merwiński, Tomasz. "Galle. Port, fort i kolonie". Merwinski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ District Disaster Management Coordinating Unit- Galle. "Psychosocial Forum District Data Mapping: Galle" (PDF). Department of Social Services: Galle. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-28. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
^ Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert, eds. (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 272. ISBN 1-884964-04-4.
^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Galle". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
^ "Ever Recorded Daily Extreme Values" (PDF). Department of Meteorology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
^ "Galle Municipal Council Ward Map". Galle city. Archived from the original on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2020-08-21.
^ "Galle Green City - Make green city - Home". greengalle.weebly.com. Archived from the original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
^ "Colombo - Galle - Matara by rail". Colombofort.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-02-15. Retrieved 2013-02-14.
^ "Galle Library". Love Sri Lanka. 18 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-08-05. Retrieved 2022-04-26.