Galilean dialect

Galilean dialect
RegionGalilee
EthnicityGalileans
EraSecond Temple period
Afro-Asiatic
Aramaic alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3
IETFjpa-u-sd-ilz
The Galilee region

The Galilean dialect was the form of Jewish Aramaic spoken by people in Galilee during the late Second Temple period, for example at the time of Jesus and the disciples, as distinct from a Judean dialect spoken in Jerusalem.[1][2]

The Aramaic of Jesus, as recorded in the Gospels, gives various examples of Aramaic phrases. The New Testament notes that the pronunciation of Peter gave him away as a Galilean to the servant girl at the brazier the night of Jesus' trial (see Matthew 26:73 and Mark 14:70).

Scholarly reconstruction

Classical scholarship

In the 17th and 18th centuries, John Lightfoot and Johann Christian Schöttgen identified and commented on the Galilean Aramaic speech. Schöttgen's work Horae Ebraicae et Talmudicae, which studied the New Testament in the context of the Talmud, followed that of Lightfoot. Both scholars provided examples of differences between Galilean and Judean speech.[3]

The 19th century grammarian Gustaf Dalman identified "Galilean Aramaic” in the grammar of the Palestinian Talmud and Midrash,[4] but he was doubted by Theodor Zahn, who raised issues with using the grammar of writings from the 4th–7th centuries to reconstruct the Galilean Aramaic of the 1st century.[5]

Modern scholarship

Porter (2000) notes that scholars have tended to be "vague" in describing exactly what a "Galilean dialect" entailed.[6] Hoehner (1983) notes that the Talmud has one place (bEr 53b) with several amusing stories about Galilean dialect that indicate only a defective pronunciation of gutturals in the 3rd and 4th centuries.[7] Hugo Odeberg attempted a grammar based on the Aramaic of the Genesis Rabbah in 1939.[8] Michael Sokoloff's English preface to Caspar Levias's 1986 A Grammar of Galilean Aramaic (in Hebrew) also sheds light on the controversy that began with Dalman.[citation needed] E. Y. Kutscher's 1976 Studies in Galilean Aramaic may offer some newer insights.[citation needed] More recently, attempts at better understanding the Galilean dialect in the New Testament have been taken up by Steve Caruso,[9] who has spent over 10 years compiling a topical lexical reference of the Galilean dialect. Caruso has noted the difficulties of the task:

Galilean has proven to be one of the more obscure and misunderstood dialects due to systemic – albeit well-intentioned – corruption to its corpus over the centuries, involving the layering of Eastern scribal “corrections” away from genuine Western dialect features. To this day there is no easily accessible grammar or fully articulated syntax, and due to the academic predisposition towards viewing Aramaic languages through an Eastern Aramaic lens, assessing vocabulary with appropriate orthographical and dialectical considerations has proven difficult.[10]

Personal names

Evidence on possible shortening or changing of Hebrew names into Galilean is limited. Ossuary inscriptions invariably show full Hebrew name forms. David Flusser suggested that the short name Yeshu for Jesus in the Talmud was 'almost certainly' a dialect form of Yeshua, based on the swallowing of the ayin noted by Paul Billerbeck,[11] but most scholars follow the traditional understanding of the name as a polemical reduction.[12]

References

  1. ^ Allen C. Myers, ed. (1987). "Aramaic". The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans. p. 72. ISBN 0-8028-2402-1. It is generally agreed that Aramaic was the common language of Israel in the first century CE. Jesus and his disciples spoke the Galilean dialect, which was distinguished from that of Jerusalem (Matt. 26:73).
  2. ^ "Aramaic language". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  3. ^ Clarke's commentary on Matthew 26:73 Archived 2013-01-16 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ George F. Moore: Dalman’s Aramaic Grammar and Reader. In: The American journal of Semitic languages and literatures 1899 University of Chicago. Dept. of Semitic Languages and Literatures "For the grammar of the Galilean Aramaic in the Palestinian Talmud and Midrash, with the exception of the […] nothing has hitherto been done. It is, therefore, with great satisfaction that we hail Dalman's grammar as the beginning of a new era in these studies."
  5. ^ Gustaf Dalman 1902 The words of Jesus considered in the light of post-Biblical Jewish writings and the Aramaic language Authorised English version by David Miller Kay pp. 79–81 "There is no justification indeed for Zahn’s misgiving that the distinction, adopted in my Grammar, of a “Judaean” and a “Galilean” dialect of Jewish Aramaic rests upon uncertain grounds. The two dialects so designated are so sharply defined in point of grammar and vocabulary, that their separation did not call for the exercise of exceptional penetration. But in applying these designations, nothing is fixed in regard to the time when these dialects flourished, and the extent over which they then prevailed. The “Judaean” dialect is known to us from literary remains of Judaean origin in the period from the first to the third (Christian) century; the Galilean dialect from writings of Galilean origin in the period from the fourth to the seventh century. […] “Syriac” being the Semitic language of Canaan in his own day, Jerome finds Isaiah’s prophecy fulfilled in the “Syriac” speaking inhabitants of Egypt."
  6. ^ Stanley E. Porter 2000 Diglossia and other topics in New Testament linguistics pp. 110–12
  7. ^ Harold W. Hoehner (1983). Herod Antipas, p. 63. "It is true that in one place the Babylonian Talmud does give several amusing stories with regard to the Galilaean dialect. However, this seems to be the exception rather than the rule. Maybe the defective pronunciation of gutturals was prevalent in the third and fourth century"
  8. ^ Hugo Odeberg (1939). The Aramaic portions of Bereshit rabba with grammar of Galilæan...
  9. ^ "Aramaic NT". Retrieved 2018-04-18.
  10. ^ "Digital, Interactive, and Topical Galilean Aramaic Dictionary". 11 July 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  11. ^ Joachim Jeremias 1977 New Testament theology "…deliberate truncation made for anti-Christian motives; rather, it is 'almost certainly' (Flusser, Jesus, 13) the Galilean pronunciation of the name; the swallowing of the 'ayin was typical of the Galilean dialect (Billerbeck I 156f.)"
  12. ^ George Howard 2005 Hebrew Gospel of Matthew p. 207 "According to the Tol'doth Yeshu, Jesus' original name was Yehoshua (otvp). Later, when he became a heretic, his name was… for the name of Jesus became common in medieval Jewish polemics and can be found even in the Talmud (cf. b)."

Read other articles:

una especialidad comercializada para uso contra sarna. Amitraz es un fungicida garrapaticida antiparasitario. Algunos productos registrados son Preventic (Veterquímica), amitraz (Eximerck) y en asociación con piretroides Vetancid (Vetanco). Se trata de agonista alfa-adrenérgico.[1]​ Usos Amitraz es un derivado triazapentadieno, es un miembro de la clase amidina. Es un insecticida y acaricida usado para el control de la araña roja, minadores, cochinillas, y áfidos con un mecanismo d...

 

Railway line in California This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: San Bernardino–Riverside Line – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) San Bernardino–RiversideMain Street in Riverside, c. 1905OverviewLocaleInland Em...

 

п о р Єврейська автономна областьМуніципальні райони Біробіджанський • Ленінський • Облученський • Октябрський • Смідовицький Міста Біробіджан • Облуч'є

Село Соколе-Кузьницяпол. Sokole-Kuźnica Координати 53°25′ пн. ш. 17°57′ сх. д. / 53.417° пн. ш. 17.950° сх. д. / 53.417; 17.950Координати: 53°25′ пн. ш. 17°57′ сх. д. / 53.417° пн. ш. 17.950° сх. д. / 53.417; 17.950 Країна ПольщаПольщаВоєводство Куявсь...

 

Upcoming video game 2024 video gameWarhammer 40,000: Space Marine IIDeveloper(s)Saber InteractivePublisher(s)Focus EntertainmentSeriesWarhammer 40,000Platform(s)PlayStation 5WindowsXbox Series X/SReleaseQ3/Q4 2024Genre(s)Third-person shooter, hack-n-slashMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine II is an upcoming third-person shooter hack-n-slash video game developed by Saber Interactive and published by Focus Entertainment. A sequel to Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine (2...

 

Love O2OPosterNama lainTionghoa微微一笑很倾城 Sutradara Zhao Tianyu Produser Zhang Yibai Ditulis oleh Gu Man BerdasarkanJust One Smile Is Very Alluring by Gu ManPemeranyang yang zheng shuangPenata musikNathan WangPerusahaanproduksiShanghai GCod Entertainment Huace Pictures (Tianjing) Tianjin Lianrui Pictures Dongyang Yixing Media Shanghai Tencent Pictures Taiyang Chuanghe Media[1]DistributorHuace Pictures (Tianjing) Tianjin Lianrui Pictures Shanghai Tencent Pictures...

RGS18 التراكيب المتوفرة بنك بيانات البروتينOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB قائمة رموز معرفات بنك بيانات البروتين 2DLV, 2JM5, 2OWI المعرفات الأسماء المستعارة RGS18, RGS13, regulator of G-protein signaling 18, regulator of G protein signaling 18 معرفات خارجية الوراثة المندلية البشرية عبر الإنترنت 607192 MGI: MGI:1927498 HomoloGene: 11281 GeneCards: 64407 علم الو...

 

Charles Darwin, nach dem die Darwin-Medaille benannt ist Die Darwin-Medaille (englisch Darwin Medal) ist eine von der britischen Royal Society verliehene Auszeichnung für Wissenschaftler, die wichtige Beiträge im Bereich der Biologie geleistet haben. Sie wurde nach dem britischen Naturforscher und Mitbegründer der Evolutionstheorie Charles Darwin (1809–1882) benannt und ist mit einem Preisgeld von 1000 Pfund Sterling dotiert. Hier der englische Wortlaut: ... in reward for work of acknowl...

 

Demographics of country This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Demographics of Suriname – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Demographics of SurinamePopulation pyramid of Suriname in 2020Population632,638 (2022 est.)Growth rate...

أكاديمية هايدلبرغ للعلوم والعلوم الإنسانية   معلومات التأسيس 22 مايو 1909،  و1909[1]  الموقع الجغرافي إحداثيات 49°24′43″N 8°42′46″E / 49.411909°N 8.712879°E / 49.411909; 8.712879  البلد ألمانيا  إحصاءات عضوية خدمة المعلومات العلمية  [لغات أخرى]‏[2]  الموقع ال...

 

Arquidiocese de JosArchidiœcesis Iosensis Localização País Nigéria Território Dioceses sufragâneas BauchiJalingoMaiduguriPankshinShendamYolaWukari Estatísticas População 1 770 964396 062 católicos (2 018) Área 6 769 km² Paróquias 57 Sacerdotes 110 Informação Rito romano Criação da diocese 9 de abril de 1934 Elevação a arquidiocese 26 de março de 1994 Catedral Catedral de Nossa Senhora de Fátima de Jos Governo da arquidiocese Arcebispo Matthew Ish...

 

Serbian politician Zoran KrasićKrasić in 2012Minister of Trade in the Government of SerbiaIn office24 March 1998 – 24 October 2000Preceded bySrđan NikolićSucceeded byMilorad MiškovićMember of the National Assembly of the Republic of SerbiaIn office3 June 2016 – 12 April 2018In office18 March 2003 – 31 May 2012Member of the Chamber of Citizens in the Assembly of the Federal Republic of YugoslaviaIn office3 February 1993 – 7 October 2000 Persona...

Arab Muslim theologian, writer and scholar (767–820) Imam Shafi redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Emam Safi. For the Egyptian surname with the same Arabic spelling, see El-Shafei. al-Shafi'iاَلشَّافِعِيُّTitleShaykh al-IslāmPersonalBorn767 CE 150 AH Gaza[citation needed], Abbasid CaliphateDied19 January 820 CE (aged 54) 204 AH al-Fustat, Abbasid CaliphateReligionIslamEraIslamic Golden AgeDenominationSunniJurisprudenceMujtahidMain interest(s)Fiqh, HadithNota...

 

1968 song by the Beatles For other uses, see Sexy Sadie (disambiguation). Sexy SadieCover of the song's sheet musicSong by the Beatlesfrom the album The Beatles PublishedNorthern SongsReleased22 November 1968Recorded19 and 24 July, 13 and 21 August 1968StudioEMI, LondonGenreRockLength3:15LabelAppleSongwriter(s)Lennon–McCartneyProducer(s)George Martin Sexy Sadie is a song by the English rock group the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as the White Album). The song ...

 

The fishing industry in Palau is of prime importance to the national economy and a major source of livelihoods. As of 2007, there were three major fishing companies operating in the islands.[1] Fishing in the country is by no means without issues; the industry is subject to problems with migrating fish and hurricanes.[2] The locals are adept at casting, trolling, fly fishing, bottom-fishing, bone fishing and spear fishing, as well as teaching angling to tourists. Among the fis...

Zip ComicsCover of Zip Comics 1 (Feb 1940) Art by Charles Biro.Publication informationPublisherMLJ Magazines IncSchedule10–11 times a yearFormatOngoing seriesPublication dateFebruary 1940 – Summer 1944No. of issues47Main character(s)Steel SterlingZambini the MagicianScarlet AvengerNevada JonesKalthar the Giant ManWar Eagles of the DevilCaptain ValorMr SatanWilburThe WebGinger Zip Comics was the name of an American anthology comic book series published by MLJ Magazines ...

 

Star whose atmosphere contains more carbon than oxygen A carbon star (C-type star) is typically an asymptotic giant branch star, a luminous red giant, whose atmosphere contains more carbon than oxygen.[1] The two elements combine in the upper layers of the star, forming carbon monoxide, which consumes most of the oxygen in the atmosphere, leaving carbon atoms free to form other carbon compounds, giving the star a sooty atmosphere and a strikingly ruby red appearance. There are also so...

 

Brookfield plantation, drawing for an 1806 Mutual Assurance Policy Brookfield Plantation was an about 2,000 acre plantation in Henrico County, Virginia in the late 18th and 19th-centuries. It was first owned by the Prosser family and it is where Gabriel Prosser planned Gabriel's Rebellion of 1800.[1] It is one of several lost historical buildings of the county,[2] and it is near Bon Air, Virginia and Bryan Park in Richmond, Virginia.[3][4] Gabriel's Rebellion G...

August Petermann Información personalNombre de nacimiento August Heinrich Petermann Nacimiento 18 de abril de 1822 Bleicherode (Alemania) Fallecimiento 25 de septiembre de 1878 Gotha (Ducado de Sajonia-Coburgo-Gotha) Causa de muerte Suicidio Sepultura Cementerio principal de Gotha EducaciónEducado en Geographical Art School Información profesionalOcupación Cartógrafo e ilustrador científico Área Geografía Alumnos Ernst Georg Ravenstein Miembro de Academia Alemana de las Ciencias Natur...

 

IV Copa del Caribe Jamaica 1993 Shell Copa Caribe Fecha 11 de mayo de 199330 de mayo de 1993 Cantidad de equipos 8 (de 19 participantes) Podio • Campeón• Subcampeón• Tercer lugar• Cuarto lugar  Martinica MartinicaJamaica JamaicaTrinidad y Tobago Trinidad y TobagoSan Cristóbal y Nieves San Cristóbal y Nieves Partidos 37 Goles anotados 113 (3,05 por partido) La Copa del Caribe de 1993 fue la 4.º edición del torneo de naciones más importante...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!