Task Force on Protection-(U.S. Federal Protective Services)
Other work
Frank McKetta. Police, politics, corruption: the mixture dangerous to freedom and justice. West Virginia: Mcclain Printing Co 2000 ISBN978-0-87012-611-6.
Frank McKetta (1917–2006) was an American law enforcement officer from the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, best known for his efforts in fighting police corruption. The son of Ukrainian immigrants, he was born in a small coal mining village in western Pennsylvania. After a short stint working in the coal mines, he attended the Pennsylvania State Police Academy at Hershey, PA, and started his career as a state trooper in 1937.
He was appointed Commissioner of the Pennsylvania State Police in 1967, and in 1971 became the Chief of the Federal Protective Service. He retired due to illness. McKetta developed a strong interest in fighting police corruption, racketeering, and influence peddling and became a speaker on the lecture circuit. His book, Police, politics, corruption: the mixture dangerous to freedom and justice, was released in 2000.[1]
Family history
The history of the McKetta family starts in the small town of Koroschenko, which means "pretty little village". This was located in the western edge of Ukraine and was the home of many unrelated families with the common name of Mukema (in Cyrillic). Within these families was a man named Wassail I, "Charles", Mukema. At the age of sixteen he joined Franz Joseph's Army. During his service, his section was captured and he was held in captivity for seven years. While in captivity, his betrothed, Catherine Melynk remained faithful, even though she had received no information about the status of Wassail. When she finally decided to marry someone else, Wassail arrived on the eve of her marriage in 1851. After he was identified, the wedding was canceled and the two were reunited in marriage. For his services in the Army, the country of Ukraine awarded the family with 100 acres (40 ha) of land.[2]
After starting a life together, the two had one son, Wassail II, born in 1845. After the death of the late Wassail, the son inherited the land from his father. In order to pay for his partying and drinking, he sold all but 10 acres (4.0 ha) acres of the land. On this land, Wassail II married Anna Mchnyk with whom he had three sons, John (born 1889), Frank (born 1891), and Steve (born 1894). After his wife died, he remarried a young girl and had two daughters, Katherine and Bertha. The boys took care of the farm land, and neither the boys nor the girls received any type of schooling because Ukraine did not have any elementary schools in this area during the early 1900s.[2]
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the American steel companies looked to Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe to offer men jobs along with a free passage to America and $25 cash. In 1903 the eldest son, John, was only fourteen years old. While lying about his age when applying, he was fortunate to be invited to America. In January 1904, he started his journey to the United States and sent $20 of his $25 to his father back home. After a long journey, John docked in Baltimore. When filling out paper work at the immigration desk he was asked his name. As a result of no former education, he did not know how to spell his name and his last name was in Cyrillic, which has no spelling (it is only phonetic). With John's pronunciation, the immigration officer gave him the spelling of "McKetta". From Baltimore he was sent to Wyano, Pennsylvania, where he began work in the coal mine six days a week. After four years of labor he had saved enough money to send for his brother Frank and another two years later for Steve.[2]
Brother on the left and Frank McKetta on the right
In 1910, Frank boarded with John and bride, Mary.[3] Frank received his citizenship papers in 1908, and in 1914, he and Nancy Julia McKetta were married.[4]
Biography
On February 19, 1917, Frank McKetta was born in Wyano, Pennsylvania.[2] A daughter, Mary, followed in 1919, and then a son, Steve,[4] on November 7, 1921.[5]
Although they owned their own home,[4] Frank McKetta and his family struggled during the Great Depression, when tragedy struck in 1936 with the death of Frank's father in a mining accident. His mother was left alone to raise the family during this economic struggle. The family survived with the help of a cow that was kept in a shed along with a pig and some chickens. They all helped keeping up a garden and during Frank's younger years, they had no outside form of income. Frank McKetta was lucky to be a part of a family in which all of the children received high school education at this time in history. He attended South Huntingdon High School which is now known as Yough High School. After high school only one of his sisters went to college. Frank McKetta chose to work along with family members at the McKetta Coal Company until he saved enough money to enter into the police academy. After saving enough money, he entered the Police Academy in Hershey, Pennsylvania, on September 1, 1937. His career as a trooper started when he was first assigned in Luzerne County, where he was able to see first-hand the signs of corruption in the law enforcement. He later attended Indiana University, in Bloomington, Indiana, to take a summer course in 1963 on Advanced Police Management.[6][7][8]
Early law enforcement career
First assignment and police corruption
McKetta's first assignment set the tone of his career. He was asked to accompany a senior trooper at a local police force raid on a well-known gambling den. He was cautioned when attempting to arrest anyone by his supervisor. Once entering the den they found just a penny-ante poker game in the back room. They found no hard evidence, large sums of money, or big name racketeers. A Racket deals with organized crime. While McKetta was new, he assumed that his effort was a small part of a larger number raids taking place elsewhere but soon found out that this was not the case. The newspaper the next day distorted the facts and made it seem as if the local police force was helped by the state police in fighting against organized crime. McKetta discussed this with older troopers who did not agree with the system, but said they recently decided to follow orders and did not have input on the fight against organized crime. McKetta did not like how things were working and would later realize that this problem would bother him for the remainder of his career. It was hard for him to come to the realization that the "famed state police noted for legendary exploits in fighting the forces of evil was mostly a myth and that his chosen field of endeavor was in reality the tool of politicians."[9] Throughout the next several years, McKetta had found nothing but more disappointing facts about the state police. There was a strict "home rule" policy placed on the state police jurisdiction. This prohibited outside troopers from going into any community during the investigation of other crimes and simply tried to keep the state police out. While he searched for answers and some reasoning, his attitude was considered a subtle form of insubordination and was labeled a "radical" and a "misfit", but an idealist by his own friends. His attitude was the reasoning that he was transferred frequently and had many assignment changes.[10]
Reassigned as a detective
Things did not change during the fifties when McKetta was stationed as a detective assigned to the Greensburg, Pennsylvania, troop headquarters. He had stated that he recalled idly sitting by as a city police cruiser drove around as a well known numbers writer to pick up his cash and number slips. He was powerless because of the Governor's home rule policy and their own orders from their supervisors prohibited them from doing anything about the organized crime.
McKetta was also assigned as a detective in western Pennsylvania under Governor Fine, Commissioner Wilhelm, and Squadron One Commander Major Andrew J. Hudock. McKetta was called to assist the Westmoreland County detectives on a raid. The directions of the raid led them to a house outside of Monessen. There were no lights on and no activity inside, which was abnormal because it was a house of prostitution on a Saturday night. Because Frank was previously stationed in Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania, which covered the similar area, he advised the others of another whorehouse on the other side of Monessen. A few of the men pretended to not hear this comment and stated something about being within city limits and outside of their designated land. A couple other men decided to take the lead and found the girls inside the other building. The girls were placed under arrest and their work was done by midnight. Upon returning to the Greensburg office, they noticed the Mayor's office light was still on as they entered their own office across the hall. The political corruption was evident when they were in trouble for entering the city of Monessen rather than being applauded for their work.[11]
McKetta eventually served several positions within the state police force and was assigned in several different counties. For instance, after being promoted as a detective in 1952, he became a Detective-Sergeant in 1954, then a Lieutenant in 1956 and later became assistant superintendent of the State Police Academy with a Captain's rank. He also served in Greensburg, Erie, Somerset, New Kensington, Ebensburg, and Pittsburgh.[12] Throughout this time he collected and observed cases of police corruption which were documented in the Frank McKetta Papers.
Career in law enforcement leadership
State Commissioner
In 1967 Frank McKetta was appointed the Commissioner of the State Police by Governor Raymond P. Shafer. Shafer was satisfied with his previous background in dealing with labor disturbances and his efforts to establish troop training programs. He also agreed with Frank's work and position on rackets, corruption, and his attempts to progress the state police force. "As a veteran of more than three decades of experience covering all phases of police work beginning as a patrolman, Major McKetta is completely qualified to head the force he has served so well", said Shafer. Not everyone believed that making McKetta Commissioner was going to be positive for the state police. The same people that persecuted a previous Deputy Commissioner for a wiretap scandal made allegations that McKetta was involved, but this was easily disproved and the Senate unanimously confirmed him as the Commissioner.[12][13]
Now as a higher rank, Frank McKetta immediately attempted to assemble a qualified staff whose loyalty was to the department rather than political benefactors. He wanted to repair the flawed Pennsylvania State Police System and create a police force based upon the oath in which all officers are sworn in under. He had a hard time finding out who he could and could not trust. With this in mind, he created a department who he thought believed in similar ideals and had the same goals for the department. While Commissioner, he continued fighting the rackets where the previous Commissioner left off. At the time, the state police was divided into fifteen troops who were commanded by higher officers who in turn were commanded by an even higher rank. Under this, McKetta watched all of the activities of rackets as well as putting undercover officers in the field who would feed him useful information.[14][15]
Dealing First Hand with Corruption and Politics
During the time that McKetta was a trooper and non-commissioned officer, he was able to see first hand some of the political influences on local and state police. When appointed Commissioner he was able to see further into the corruption of the police force and how it attempted to affect him and his staff. One prime example was the downfall of his Deputy Commissioner, Lt. Colonel Dussia. While McKetta had high hopes and found him to be a likable person, it was not long until he was able to see he was "wired in" with the politicians and some questionable characters.[16]
From the start Dussia was unhappy about not receiving the Commissioner's position after hearing word from a politician that the job was his. Shortly after being sworn in, Dussia approached McKetta about holding a banquet for him because he was a local boy who was making it big. The sponsor of the banquet was supposed to be a local businessman from Greensburg where he had previously worked in his career. With this knowledge McKetta accepted the offer but soon found from an old friend and fellow police officer that the banquet was actually being sponsored by a local racketeer. This was a prime opportunity for a racket to promote himself by having ties with a State Police Commissioner. Now learning the truth behind this plan, he told Dussia to cancel the banquet without letting him know of his recent knowledge about the sponsor issue. This would only be the first of Dussia's attempts to bring McKetta down along with others who would eventually harass him and his family. After making progress in the arrest of many racketeers and conducting many raids, a judge started asking questions about his radar operations. After McKetta showed him, he was asked to have lunch with the judge at a restaurant where politicians and racketeers often meet. His attempts to request a change in the location were refused, however he agreed to have lunch. During the meal, the judge got up briefly and the Senator quickly made a bribe for a large amount of money. McKetta pretended not to hear the Senator and began conversation with an associate who sat down at a nearby table.[17]
Involving His Home Life
During McKetta's years as Commissioner, his family was threatened with phone calls, and his own son was attacked outside his apartment.
After refusing the proposal from the Senator, he received several threatening telephone calls to his home which affected himself as well as his family. Several instances occurred when McKetta was driving home in the evening from the office and a car would force him off the road. At the time McKetta thought was just a poor driver. Later that night at 2:00 am McKetta received a phone call at his house from a disguised voice. The person stated what time he left his office and the exact route he took to his house. He then spoke of how easy it would be to kill him. After this he and his family received other phone calls that said things along the lines of "watch your step" and so on. The State Police Commissioner and his family did not take them seriously as they assumed no one would do anything because of the negative publicity it would bring to them. This assumption was quickly proven wrong when one morning around 2:00am there was a call saying "Your son will tell you what happened."[18] He then learned that at about 10:30am that morning his wife received a call from their son telling her that two men had held him up in front of his apartment at the University of Pittsburgh. He described them as two white middle aged men wearing suits and ties. They were standing outside his doorway when he came home. He thought nothing of them because of their attire. As he walked by one, he was struck from behind and then attacked by the other. He was slashed in the chest by what seemed like a razor and finally crawled under a parked car and called for help. The men walked casually away and when the Pittsburgh City Police arrived, they took his name and then did not even come out of the car to take his report. This showed that whoever attacked Frank McKetta III had an in with the police. Now that his work was beginning to affect the safety of his family, he became more cautious about their safety but refused to stop his attacks on political corruption and the rackets.[19]
Retirement from State Commissioner
After several years of fighting to make a change in the state police department, McKetta was offered a job with the U.S. General Services Administration to help with heading the organization that provides security to all federal buildings in the nation. By 1971 his common sense told him it was time to leave the state police and take full advantage of this new opportunity. He stayed until the end of the Governor's term and learned that it was smart to take the job in Washington D.C. because he was going replaced with the new Governor.
He accepted the position as Chief of the Federal Protective Service and then later in June 1972 was named Assistant Commissioner. He worked in the management office which governed security at federal installations nationwide.
[20]
After five years working in Washington DC, Frank McKetta was faced with a severe arthritic condition affecting his spine. As a result of this he left his position in 1976 but made it a point to stay contacted with people still inside the GSA to help with the corruption that had developed at the federal level.[21]
Throughout his career and even after retirement, Col. Frank McKetta addressed and tried to fix many problems throughout the State Police Force. Here are a few of the main concerns and solutions he worked on and expressed with great emphasis to the police department:
"Models for police departments should be based on demographic and community needs."[22] Each size and location should be specific to the quantity of officers. He also believed that overstaffing was an opportunity for less control as well as less personal contact with civilians. With this, he also believed that assignments should be rotated for career development as well as prevention against stratification in the agency.[23]
McKetta believed that each recruit should be evaluated according to qualifications and without any bias towards favoritism or political affiliations.[24]
When promotions are made open or needed, McKetta believed in written examinations and when necessary, an oral assessment with board interviews. Each promotion should be documented and this process is required for every move in rank.[24]
McKetta felt that basic training should be used "in a prescribed curriculum to meet community needs"[24] He also believed that all personnel should be required to take specialized courses and refreshers to keep their knowledge up to date. In addition, he felt that higher education should be offered for certain candidates.[25]
He felt that salaries should be determined according to position and determined by national standards. However, certain areas should be paid higher as a result to a higher cost of living. With this he felt that pension plans should also be put into place to permit lateral entry within the entire police system without penalty.[26]
McKetta emphasized the need to have a national police academy similar to military academies like the Naval Academy and West Point. These should be established at a federal level in which the state and local advisory boards participate. The purpose of an academy would be to "help insure the professionalism we so often speak of"[26]
Served with
Frank McKetta served three years on active duty with the military during 1943 to 1946, and retired from the U.S. Army Reserve Program after 20 years of service.
Task Force on Protection-(U.S. Federal Protective Services)
Frank McKetta published his book, Police, Politics, Corruption, in 2000; "The mixture dangerous to freedom and justice".
Death
Frank and his wife Ann, who stood by him through "long working hours, low pay, and little home life" [27]
Frank McKetta died Friday, December 29, 2006, in Seidel Hospital, Pennsylvania, at the age of 89. He was married to Ann McKetta, and together they had one son, Frank McKetta III.
Frank McKetta expressed a great deal of gratitude towards his family who stood by his side through his journey through the police department. "My parents, Frank McKetta, Sr. and Nancy Julia McKetta gave the inspiration and a value system which they passed on to me and my three siblings. My loving and patient wife, Ann (Harsanyi) and our son, Frank III, who were too often neglected by the absence of a husband and father during my early career as a state trooper. They supported me through trying times which included long working hours, low pay, and little home life. Without their sacrifices and those of my parents, none of my eventual success would have been possible."[28] A small excerpt from his book illustrates how involved he was with the police department and how much it impacted his life at home.
References
Citations and notes
^Frank McKetta. Police, politics, corruption: the mixture dangerous to freedom and justice. West Virginia: Mcclain Printing Co 2000 ISBN978-0-87012-611-6.
^1910 Federal Census. Pennsylvania. Westmoreland County. South Huntington. Page 32. Line 87.
^ abc1930 United States Federal Census. Census Place: South Huntingdon, Westmoreland, Pennsylvania; Roll 2159; Page: 5B; Enumeration District: 157; Image: 693.0.
^Social Security Death Index , Steve McKetta, Number: ;Issue State: Pennsylvania;Issue Date: Before 1951.
Ini adalah nama Batak Toba, marganya adalah Situmorang. Kasirun SitumorangKepala Staf Korps MarinirMasa jabatan25 Juli 2015 – 10 Oktober 2016PendahuluSiswoyo Hari SantosoPenggantiHasanuddin Informasi pribadiLahir29 Oktober 1964 (umur 59) Kabanjahe, Karo, Sumatera UtaraKebangsaan IndonesiaSuami/istriNy. Maria Rini SuryantiAlma materAkademi Angkatan Laut A. 32 (1987)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan LautMasa dinas1987—2022Pangkat Mayor Jenderal T...
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada September 2023. Terwelu manchuria[1] Lepus mandshuricus Status konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN41281 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasMammaliaOrdoLagomorphaFamiliLeporidaeGenusLepusSpesiesLepus mandshuricus Radde, 1861 Tata namaSinonim takson Lepus mela...
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Amor mío Argentine TV series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Argentine TV series or program Amor míoOpening themeCelosa by DonaldCountry of originArgentinaOriginal languageSpanishNo. of...
Taekwondo padaPekan Olahraga Nasional XIX Poomsae Putra Putri Perorangan Perorangan Beregu Beregu Kyorugi Putra Putri 54 kg 46 kg 58 kg 49 kg 63 kg 53 kg 68 kg 57 kg 74 kg 62 kg 80 kg 67 kg 87 kg 73 kg +87 kg +73 kg Taekwondo 87 kg putra pada Pekan Olahraga Nasional XIX dilaksanakan pada tanggal 26 september 2016 di Gymnasium FPOK, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat.[1] Jadwal Seluruh wa...
This article is the history of South Korean national football teams, including senior team and youth teams. Early history Further information: Football in South Korea Korea (Joseon) was not introduced to the sport of association football until the late 19th century; it is often said that football in Korea dates to 1882, when the Royal Navy sailors from HMS Flying Fish played a game while their vessel was visiting the Incheon Port.[1] Korea became a Japanese colony in 1905 and was...
Alsdorfer Ölmühle Alsdorfer Ölmühle an der Würselener Straße Alsdorfer Ölmühle an der Würselener Straße Lage und Geschichte Alsdorfer Ölmühle (Nordrhein-Westfalen) Koordinaten 50° 51′ 52″ N, 6° 8′ 45″ O50.8645056.145697Koordinaten: 50° 51′ 52″ N, 6° 8′ 45″ O Standort Deutschland Nordrhein-Westfalen Städteregion Aachen Alsdorf Gewässer Broicher Bach Erbaut vor 1420 Stillgelegt 1870 Technik Nutzung Öl...
National park in South Korea Jirisan National Park지리산국립공원, 智異山國立公園IUCN category II (national park)LocationJeollanam-do, Jeollabuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, South KoreaNearest cityGuryeCoordinates35°17′24″N 127°37′55″E / 35.29°N 127.632°E / 35.29; 127.632[1]Area471.75 km2 (182.14 sq mi)[2]Established29 December 1967Visitors1.5 million[2]Governing bodyKorea National Park Serviceenglish.k...
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Latvian Soviet general (1895–1937) Roberts EidemanisRobert Eideman and the American military attaché Philip R. FaymonvilleBornMay 9, 1895Lejasciems, Gulbene Municipality, Russian Empire (now Latvia)DiedJu...
Temple Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III at Medinet HabuMortuary Temple of Ramesses III, from the air on the East side. The long wall facing the camera is the Northeast wall.Medinet HabuShown within Northeast AfricaShow map of Northeast AfricaMedinet HabuMedinet Habu (Egypt)Show map of EgyptLocationMedinet HabuCoordinates25°43′10.92″N 32°36′2.52″E / 25.7197000°N 32.6007000°E / 25.7197000; 32.6007000Typemortuary templeSite notesExcavation dates1859 and 18...
UFC mixed martial arts event in 2012 UFC 146: dos Santos vs. MirThe poster for UFC 146: dos Santos vs. MirInformationPromotionUltimate Fighting ChampionshipDateMay 26, 2012VenueMGM Grand Garden ArenaCityLas Vegas, NevadaAttendance14,674[1]Total gate$3,428,775[1]Buyrate560,000[2][3]Total purse$1,513,000[4]Event chronology UFC on Fuel TV: The Korean Zombie vs. Poirier UFC 146: dos Santos vs. Mir The Ultimate Fighter: Live Finale UFC 146: dos Santos vs. Mi...
Consejería de Cultura Logo LocalizaciónPaís EspañaMunicipio Palau MarcInformación generalSigla CLTJurisdicción España EspañaTipo Consejería de la Generalidad de CataluñaSede La Rambla, 8 (Palau Marc) BarcelonaOrganizaciónDepende de Gobierno de Cataluña 1980-1984, Gobierno de Cataluña 1984-1988, Gobierno de Cataluña 1988-1992, Gobierno de Cataluña 1992-1995, Gobierno de Cataluña 1995-1999, Gobierno de Cataluña 1999-2003 y Anexo:Gobierno de Cataluña 2003-2006Historia...
2016 American filmA Family ManFilm posterDirected byMark WilliamsWritten byBill DubuqueProduced by Gerard Butler Nicolas Chartier Craig J. Flores Patrick Newall Alan Siegel Mark Williams Starring Gerard Butler Gretchen Mol Alison Brie Anupam Kher Alfred Molina Willem Dafoe CinematographyShelly JohnsonEdited byThom NobleMusic byMark IshamProductioncompanyZero Gravity ManagementDistributed byVertical EntertainmentRelease dates September 13, 2016 (2016-09-13) (TIFF) July ...
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Baashha. BaadshahPoster rilis teatrikalSutradara Abbas-Mustan Produser Bhawar Jain Girish Jain Ditulis oleh Shyam Goel SkenarioShyam GoelCeritaNeeraj VoraShyam GoelPemeranShahrukh KhanTwinkle KhannaJohnny LeverRaakheeAmrish PuriPenata musikLagu:Anu Malik Skor Latar Belakang:Surinder SodhiSinematograferThomas XavierPenyuntingHussain BurmawalaTanggal rilis27 Agustus 1999Durasi176 menitNegara India Bahasa Hindi Anggaran₹11 crore (US$1,5 juta)[1]Pen...
Pan-European music publication (1984–2003) Music & MediaCategoriesEntertainment industryFrequencyWeeklyFirst issue19 March 1984; 39 years ago (1984-03-19)Final issue9 August 2003 (2003-08-09)Based inLondon, England, UKOCLC29800226 Music & Media was a pan-European magazine for radio, music and entertainment. It was published for the first time in 1984 as Eurotipsheet, but in 1986 it changed name to Music & Media.[1] It was originally based...
الكنيسة الإنجيلية البروتستانتية الآشورية هي كنيسة تأسست من الآشوريين الذين تحولوا إلى البروتستانتية وهي مشيخية العقيدة لكنها تتميز بحفاظ أتباعها على هويتهم القومية فأسسوا كنيسة منفصلة تستخدم اللغة الآرامية في طقوسها,[1] يتواجد أتباع هذه الكنيسة في إيران والعراق وال...
Diocesan bishop in the Church of England The Bishop of Southwell and Nottingham is the diocesan bishop of the Church of England Diocese of Southwell and Nottingham in the Province of York.[1][2] The diocese covers 847 square miles (2,190 km2) including the whole of Nottinghamshire and a small area of South Yorkshire. The see is in the town of Southwell where the seat is located at the Cathedral and Collegiate Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary (also known as Southwell Mins...
Untuk kapal lain dengan nama serupa, lihat Kapal Jepang Kashima. Kashima di Shanghai, 1940 Sejarah Kekaisaran Jepang Nama KashimaAsal nama Kuil KashimaDipesan 1938 (Tahun Fiskal)Pasang lunas 6 Oktober 1938Diluncurkan 25 September 1939Mulai berlayar 31 Mei 1940[1]Dicoret 5 Oktober 1945Pelabuhan daftar Pangkalan Laut KureNasib Menjadi kapal repatriasiCatatan Dibongkar pada tahun 1947 Ciri-ciri umum Kelas dan jenis Kapal penjelajah kelas-KatoriBerat benaman Rencana: 6.300 ton panjang (6....
Theorised tendency towards war between emerging and existing powers Bust of Thucydides The Thucydides Trap, or Thucydides' Trap, is a term popularized by American political scientist Graham T. Allison to describe an apparent tendency towards war when an emerging power threatens to displace an existing great power as a regional or international hegemon.[1] The term exploded in popularity in 2015 and primarily applies to analysis of China–United States relations.[2] Supporting...
Membranes of skin between fingers and toes of animals Interdigital webbing is the presence of membranes of skin between the digits. Normally in mammals, webbing is present in the embryo but resorbed later in development, but in various mammal species it occasionally persists in adulthood.[1] In humans, it can be found in those suffering from LEOPARD syndrome and from Aarskog–Scott syndrome.[2] Webbing between the digits of the hindfoot is also present in several mammals that...
Sub-Roman kingdom of Northern Britain For the medieval Welsh poem, see Y Gododdin. Kingdom of Gododdincirca 4th centuryYr Hen Ogledd (The Old North) c. 550 – c. 650Common languagesBrythonicReligion Celtic ChristianityGovernmentMonarchyKing Historical eraEarly Middle Ages• Established circa 4th century Preceded by Succeeded by Hen Ogledd Votadini Kingdom of Northumbria The Gododdin (Welsh pronunciation: [ɡɔˈdɔðɪn]) were a Brittonic people of north-eastern Brita...
