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Federal Parliament of Nepal

संघीय संसद, नेपाल
Federal Parliament of Nepal ; संघीय संसद, नेपाल
2nd Federal Parliament
Type
Type	Bicameral
Houses	National Assembly; (upper house); House of Representatives; (lower house)
History
Founded	5 March 2018 (6 years ago)
Preceded by	Constituent Assembly of Nepal
Leadership
President	Ram Chandra Paudel ; since 13 March 2023
Vice President	Ram Sahaya Yadav ; since 20 March 2023
Chairperson of the; National Assembly	Narayan Prasad Dahal, CPN (MC) ; since 12 March 2024
Vice Chairman of the; National Assembly	Urmila Aryal, CPN (MC) ; since 6 February 2023
Speaker of the House; of Representatives	Dev Raj Ghimire, CPN (UML) ; since 19 January 2023
Deputy Speaker of the; House of Representatives	Indira Ranamagar, RSP ; since 21 January 2023
Prime Minister	KP Sharma Oli, CPN (UML) ; since 14 July 2024
Leader of the Opposition	Pushpa Kamal Dahal, Maoist ; since 14 July 2024
Structure
Seats	334 parliamentarians; 59 assemblymen; 275 representatives
National Assembly political groups	Government (28) NC (16); CPN (UML) (11); LSPN (1); Confidence & Supply (3) PSPN (3); Opposition (28) CPN (MC) (18); CPN (US) (8); RJM (1); IND (1);
House of Representatives political groups	Government (178) NC (88); CPN (UML) (79); PSP (7); LSP-N (4); Confidence & Supply (29) RPP (14); Janamat (6); PSPN (5); NUP (4); Opposition (68) CPN (MC) (32); RSP (21); CPN (US) (10); RJM (1); NWPP (1); AJP (1); IND (2);
Elections
National Assembly voting system	Single transferable vote & First-past-the-post
House of Representatives voting system	First-past-the-post & proportional representation
Last National Assembly election	25 January 2024
Last House of Representatives election	20 November 2022
Next National Assembly election	2026
Next House of Representatives election	by November 2027
Meeting place
	International Convention Centre,; Kathmandu, Nepal
Website
	www.parliament.gov.np
Constitution
	Constitution of Nepal

The Federal Parliament of Nepal (संघीय संसद नेपाल, Saṅghīya Sansada Nēpāla) is the bicameral federal and supreme legislature of Nepal established in 2018. It consists of the National Assembly and the House of Representatives as parallel houses.

History

Legislatures of Kingdom of Nepal

The former Parliament of Nepal was dissolved by King Gyanendra in 2002,^[1] on the grounds that it was incapable of handling the Maoist rebels. The country's five main political parties had staged protests against the king, arguing that he must either call fresh elections or reinstate the elected legislature. In 2004, the king announced that parliamentary elections would be held within twelve months; in April 2006, in response to major pro-democratic protests, it was announced that Parliament would be reestablished.^[2]

Interim Legislature of Nepal

After the success of the April 2006 people's movement, on 15 January 2007, the old parliament was dissolved and replaced by a 330-member interim legislature of Nepal.^[3] The legislature drafted an interim constitution and a constituent assembly election was held in April 2008. The 601-member assembly on 28 May 2008 abolished the 238-year-old monarchy and declared the country a republic.^[4] The constituent assembly, which was initially given two years to draft a new constitution, was dissolved on 27 May 2012 after its failure to draft a new constitution due to differences over restructuring the state.^[5]

Legislature Parliament of Nepal

The second Nepalese Constituent Assembly was converted into a legislative parliament of Nepal after the promulgation of the constitution on 20 September 2015.^[6] The second Nepalese Constituent Assembly was formed after the failure of the first Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution. The Legislature Parliament of Nepal was dissolved on 21 January 2018 (7 Magh 2074 BS).^[7]

Composition

According to the Constitution of Nepal 2015, Nepal has a two-chamber parliament (संसद), consisting of the House of Representatives and the National Assembly, with the President of Nepal acting as their head.^[8]

President of Nepal

The President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (नेपालको राष्ट्रपति, Nēpālakō rāṣṭrapati) is the head of state of Nepal and commander in chief of the Nepalese Armed Forces. The office was created in May 2008 after the country was declared as a republic. The first President of Nepal was Ram Baran Yadav. The current president is Ram Chandra Poudel. He is the third president of the country.

House of Representatives

The House of Representatives (प्रतिनिधि सभा, Pratinidhi Sabha) has 275 members. 165 members are elected from single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting and 110 elected through proportional electoral system where voters vote for political parties, considering the whole country as a single election constituency. The members of the house hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers.

National Assembly

The National Assembly (राष्ट्रिय सभा, Rastriya Sabha) has 59 members. Eight members are elected from each of the seven provinces by an electoral college of each province, and three are appointed by the President on recommendation of the government. They must include at least three women, one Dalit, and one member from disabled groups. Members serve staggered six year terms such that the term of one-third members expires every two years.

Parliamentary committees

There are 16 thematic committees in the federal parliament: ten in the House of Representatives, four in the National Assembly and two joint committees.^[9]

House of Representatives

Finance
International Relations
Industry, Commerce, Labour and Consumer Interest
Law, Justice, and Human Rights
Agriculture, Cooperative and Natural Resources
Women and Social
State Affairs
Development and Technology
Education and Health
Public Account

National Assembly

Sustainable Development and Good Governance
Legislative Management
Delegated Legislation and Government Assurances
National Interest and coordination among members

Joint

Parliamentary Hearing
State Direction, Principle Rules and Responsibility

Women's representation

The constitution of Nepal guarantees a 33% reservation for women in all public offices including the federal parliament. On 16 March 2018, Dr. Shiva Maya Tumbahamphe was elected as the deputy speaker of the house.^[10] Women's representation in the parliament has increased since the Constituent Assembly, which eventually guaranteed provisions for women's representation on the constitution.^[2]